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English Grammar : Conditionals – 1
English Grammar : Conditionals – 2
TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
If clause Main clause
If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened) OR that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion I would have been working in Milan.
FORM
In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the ‘if’ clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional or the perfect continuous conditional.
If clause (condition) Main clause (result)
If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened that thing would have happened.
As in all conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may have to rearrange the pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses, but the meaning is identical.
Examples –
If it had rained, you would have gotten wet.
You would have gotten wet if it had rained.
You would have passed your exam if you had worked harder.
How to use type 3 conditionals
Function
The type 3 conditional refers to an impossible condition in the past and its probable result in the past. These sentences are truly hypothetical and unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always some implication of regret with type 3 conditional sentences. The reality is the opposite of, or contrary to, what the sentence expresses. In type 3 conditional sentences, the time is the past and the situation is hypothetical.
Examples –
If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam. (But I didn’t work hard, and I didn’t pass the exam.)
If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake. (But I didn’t know and I didn’t bake a cake.)
I would have been happy if you had called me on my birthday. (But you didn’t call me and I am not happy.)
In type 3 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of “would” to express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.
Examples –
If I had worked harder I might have passed the exam.
You could have been on time if you had caught the bus.
If he had called you, you could have gone.
If you bought my school supplies for me, I might be able to go to the park.
CONTRACTIONS
Both would and had can be contracted to ‘d, which can be confusing if you are not confident with type 3 conditional sentences. Remember 2 rules:|
1. would never appears in the if-clause so if ‘d appears in the if clause, it must be abbreviating had.
2. had never appears before have so if ‘d appears on a pronoun just before have, it must be abbreviating would.
Examples –
If I’d known you were in hospital, I’d have visited you.
If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
I’d have bought you a present if I’d known it was your birthday.
I would have bought you a present if I had known it was your birthday.
If you’d given me your e-mail, I’d have written to you.
If you had given me your e-mail, I would have written to you.
THE PERFECT CONDITIONAL TENSE
The perfect conditional of any verb is composed of three elements:
would + have + past participle
Have followed by the past participle is used in other constructions as well. it is called the “perfect infinitive”.
Subject + would + have + past participle
Ex – He would have gone
Ex – They would have stayed
TO GO: PERFECT CONDITIONAL
Affirmative Negative
I would have gone I wouldn’t have gone Would I have gone
You would have gone You wouldn’t have gone
Interrogative Interrogative Negative
Would I have gone? Wouldn’t I have gone?
Would you have gone? Wouldn’t you have gone?
how to use the perfect continuous conditional
FORM
In type 3 conditional sentences, the perfect form of the present conditional may be used.
If clause (condition) Main clause (result)
If + past perfect perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened that thing would have been happening.
Functions
The perfect continuous conditional can be used in type 3 conditional sentences. It refers to the unfulfilled result of the action in the if-clause, and expresses this result as an unfinished or continuous action.
Examples –
If the weather had been better (but it wasn’t), I’d have been sitting in the garden when he arrived (but I wasn’t).
If she hadn’t got a job in London (but she did), she would have been working in Paris (but she wasn’t).
THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL TENSE
The perfect continuous conditional tense of any verb is composed of four elements:
would + have + been + present participle
The present participle is formed by taking the base form of the verb and adding the -ing ending.
Subject + would + have + been + present participle
Ex – He would have been staying
Ex – They would have been going
TO WORK: PERFECT CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL
Affirmative – I would have been living
You would have been living
Negative – I wouldn’t have been living
You wouldn’t have been living
Interrogative – Would I have been living?
Would you have been living?
Interrogative Negative – Wouldn’t I have been living?
wouldn’t you have been living ?
