Current Affairs 27 & 28 July 2025

We are here for you to provide the important Recent and Latest Current Affairs 27 & 28 July 2025, which have unique updates of Latest Current Affairs 2025 events from all newspapers such as The Hindu, The Economic Times, PIB, Times of India, PTI, Indian Express, Business Standard and all Government official websites.

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NATIONAL AFFAIRS

MoPSW Hosted the Maritime Financing Summit 2025 in New DelhiIn July 2025, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW) has successfully hosted the Maritime Financing Summit 2025 in New Delhi, Delhi. The event brought together senior policymakers, industry leaders, global investors, and domain experts to deliberate on transformative financial solutions for India’s maritime future.

• The summit was in alignment with the Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision (MAKV 2047), which aims to position India among the world’s leading maritime hubs by bolstering shipbuilding, port infrastructure and financial resilience.

Highlights of Maritime Financing Summit 2025:
Key Note Address: Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal, MoPSW delivered a keynote address at the summit, where he highlighted that India’s Ports have significantly improved operational efficiency, with average turnaround time reduced from 4 days to less than 1 day, outperforming many advanced countries.

• The container handling capacity at major India Ports has increased by over 70%, and cargo volumes.
• The Government of India (GoI) has enabled 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the shipping sector under the Automatic Route (AR), allowing easier and faster investment without prior approval.

Announcement of Maritime Development Fund (MDF): It is a dedicated blended finance vehicle aimed at lowering capital costs and attracting long-term investment into shipyards, coastal infrastructure, and inland waterways.
Launch of Financial Digital Maturity Matrix (FDMM): It is a comprehensive framework to evaluate and enhance digital financial capabilities at major ports, which will help in enabling investor-ready, high-performance infrastructure.
>>Read Full News

President Draupadi Murmu Completes 3rd Year in Office; Launches Key InitiativesOn July 25, 2025, President Draupadi Murmu completed the 3rd year of her term of 5 years. To commemorate this occasion, she launched several initiatives aimed at enhancing accessibility, promoting sustainability, and fostering public engagement at Rashtrapati Bhavan and President’s estates in New Delhi, Delhi.

• President Draupadi Murmu, the first tribal President, assumed office as 15th President of India on 25 July 2022.
• She became the second woman to serve as President of India, following Pratibha Patil(2007 – 2012).

Key Initiatives Launched:
Divyangjan-friendly access: Rashtrapati Bhavan, Amrit Udyan, and Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum have been made fully accessible for persons with disabilities (Divyanjan).
Rashtrapati Bhavan website: The official website of Rashtrapati Bhavan and President of India are now made accessible in 22 Indian languages.
E-Upahaar season 2: As part of this initiative, more than 250 gifts received by the President of India are auctioned online, with the proceeds donated to support child welfare programs.
Electronic (e)-book: An e-book, compiling the past one year of the Presidency which includes President’s engagements, speeches, and initiatives was launched.
Net Zero by 2027: Several initiatives were commenced to make Rashtrapati Bhavan Net Zero by 2027.
>>Read Full News

India Successfully Tests First Hydrogen-Powered Train Coach at ICF ChennaiIn July 2025, Indian Railways (IR) successfully conducted the test of India’s first hydrogen-powered train coach, known as the Driving Power Car (DPC), at the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) in Chennai, Tamil Nadu (TN). ICF is a premier coach manufacturing unit under IR.

• This marks a major step towards achieving clean, green, and sustainable rail mobility, supporting India’s climate targets and a shift toward future-ready transport systems.

Technical Specifications:
Hydrogen Train Project: The tested DPC is part of India’s ambitious project to develop a 1,200-horsepower (HP) hydrogen-powered train.
Coach Composition: The train will consist of 10 coaches with two hydrogen-powered cars at both ends and eight passenger coaches in the middle section
Technology: The train will be powered using hydrogen fuel cell technology, in which hydrogen and oxygen chemically combine to produce electricity.

• The only emissions from this process are water vapor and heat, making it an environment-friendly alternative to conventional diesel engines.

Hydrogen for Heritage:
The test is part of IR’s “Hydrogen for Heritage” initiative, which aims to deploy 35 hydrogen-powered trains on heritage and hilly routes across India.

• Estimated cost per train: Rs. 80 crore
• Infrastructure cost per route: Rs. 70 crore

Pilot Project: 
A pilot project valued at Rs. 111.83 crore is currently underway to retrofit a Diesel Electric Multiple Unit (DEMU) with hydrogen fuel cell technology. This retrofitted unit will operate on the Jind–Sonipat section under the Northern Railway zone.
Background: 
Announcement: In 2023, IR announced its plan to introduce 35 hydrogen trains across its network.
Goal: The initiative aims to make IR a net-zero carbon emitter by 2030 and strengthen India’s leadership in hydrogen rail technology.
About Integral Coach Factory (ICF): 
General Manager (GM) – U. Subba Rao
Headquarters – Chennai, Tamil Nadu (TN)
Founded – 1955

Union Minister Nirmala Sitharaman Presided 166th Income Tax Day Celebrations in New DelhiOn 24 July 2025, Union Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, Ministry of Finance (MoF), presided over the 166th anniversary of Income Tax (IT) Day, observed by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDTs), in New Delhi, Delhi.

• During the event, she unveiled a new mascot, “Madhukar”, for the IT Department.

Key People:Union Minister of State(MoS) Pankaj Chaudhary, MoF; Arvind Shrivastava, Secretary, Department of Revenue(DoR), MoF ; Ravi Agrawal, Chairman of CBDT along with CBDT members and other senior officials of the IT Department.
Honours : As part of the celebration, CBDT certificates of meritorious service, certificates of excellence in service, and exceptional service were conferred to various officials.

• The winners of the India Mascot Design Competition, held on the MyGov Portal, were announced at the event.

MoD Signs Rs.2,000 Crore Contract with BEL for Indian Army
On July 25, 2025, The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has inked a Rs.2,000 crore contract with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) to acquire Air Defence Fire Control Radars for the Indian Army(IA) under the Buy Indian-Indigenously Designed Developed and Manufactured (Indian-IDDM) category.

• The contract was signed in the presence of Rajesh Kumar Singh, Secretary, MoD in New Delhi, Delhi.

About Air Defence Fire Control Radars :
Indigenous Development: The radars, designed and developed in India, incorporate over 70% indigenous content, supporting the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India).
Performance: The fire control radars can detect all forms of air-borne threats, including fighter aircraft, attack helicopters, and enemy drones. It delivers precise real-time data to enable accurate weapon targeting.
Impact: The contract also provides a major push to Indian Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) involved in components manufacturing, and raw materials supply.

India Established COP-33 Cell to Host UN Climate Summit in 2028
In July 2025, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) established a dedicated COP-33 Cell headed by Joint Secretary Ved Prakash Mishra, under the Climate Change Division, MoEFCC, to manage the professional and logistical requirements for the 33rd Conference of the Parties (COP-33) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), proposed to be hosted by India in 2028.

• If approved, COP-33 would mark India’s second time hosting a UN Climate Conference, following COP‑8 held in New Delhi (Delhi) in 2002.

About COP-33 Cell:
Composition: The COP-33 Cell will have 11 members, including directors, consultants, and support staff.
Strategic Relevance: Prime Minister(PM) Narendra Modi first proposed India’s bid to host COP‑33 during his address at COP‑28 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates(UAE).

• At the 17th BRICS Summit, member countries unanimously endorsed India’s bid to host COP‑33.

About COPs: COPs are annual global climate summits held under the UNFCCC, established in 1992, where nations review climate actions and progress towards the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C

• Host countries are chosen through regional rotation and formal nominations by the five UN regional groups.

Indian Army Conducts ‘Exercise Drone Prahaar ‘to Validate Battlefield Drone Integration
On 25th July 2025, the Indian Army(IA) carried out ‘Exercise Drone Prahaar’ near the Myanmar border to test and validate the integration of drone technologies into frontline operations. The drill focused on enhancing command control, surveillance, and real-time data sharing among infantry and support units.

• The exercise was observed by Lieutenant General Abhijeet S Pendharkar, Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM), Yudh Seva Medal (YSM), General Officer Commanding (GOC), Spear Corps(or III Corps), under realistic war-like conditions.

About Exercise Drone Prahaar:
Objective: IA deployed Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) and precision targeting at both tactical and operational levels.
Critical Enablers Tested:

• Airspace deconfliction protocols
• Secure communication networks
• Joint coordination across arms and services

Significance: This drill signifies the IA’s continued emphasis on adopting niche technologies to maintain operational agility, technological superiority, and preparedness for evolving security challenges.

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Overview of PM Narendra Modi on a 2-day Visit to UK from July 23 to July 24, 2025The Prime Minister (PM) of India, Narendra Modi undertook a 2-day visit to the United Kingdom (UK) as part of his 1st leg of his two-nation tour (UK and the Maldives) from July 23 to July 24, 2025, at the invitation Keir Starmer, Prime Minister (PM) of the UK.

• This marked PM Modi’s 4th visit to the UK since assuming the office in 2014.
• PM Modi arrived at London Airport, where he was received by Catherine West, the UK Foreign Office Minister responsible for the Indo-Pacific, alongside Vikram Doraiswami, Indian High Commissioner to the UK and Lindy Cameron, British High Commissioner to India.

Bilateral Meeting: During his official visit to the UK, PM Modi held a bilateral meeting with his British Counterpart Keir Starmer at the UK PM’s country residence at Chequers in Buckinghamshire, UK.
Launch of India-UK Vision 2035: During the bilateral meeting, PM of both countries endorsed the new ‘India-UK Vision 2035’. This newly launched framework appears to have replaced the ‘2030 Roadmap’ announced by India and the UK in 2021.

• The document will infuse greater ambition and renewed momentum in the CSP by steering the relationship for another 10 years in key areas of economy and growth, technology, innovation, research and education, defence and security, climate action, health and people-to-people ties.

PM Modi Met King Charles III: During his visit to UK, PM Modi met His Majesty King Charles III at Sandringham Estate, the summer residence of His Majesty.

• Presented Tree Sapling: PM Modi presented a sapling of Davidia involucrate ‘Sonoma’, commonly known as the Sonoma dove tree, as part of ‘Ek Ped Maa ke Naam’ (plant for mother) initiative to King Charles III during the meeting.

About the United Kingdom (UK):
Capital- London
Prime Minister (PM) – Keir Starmer
Currency- Pound Sterling (GBP)
>>Read Full News

India Signs 6 MoUs with Maldives to Enhance Cooperation; Extends Rs. 4,850 Crore LoCOn July 25, 2025, the Government of India(GoI) signed six Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) with the Government of Maldives in strategic sectors: fisheries & aquaculture, meteorology, digital public infrastructure, Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and recognition of the Indian Pharmacopoeia alongside a Line of Credit (LoC) worth Rs.4,850 crore to support infrastructure development in the Maldives.

• The agreements were signed during Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi’s two-day official visit to Maldives from July 25 to 26, 2025.

Key MoUs Signed for Multisector Cooperation:
Fisheries and Aquaculture: The Department of Fisheries(DoF) under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying (MoFAHD), GoI, and the Ministry of Fisheries and Ocean Resources (MoFOR), Maldives, signed a MoU to promote sustainable Tuna and deep-sea fisheries, strengthen aquaculture and sustainable resource management.
India-Maldives FTA: India and Maldives jointly launched the negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), to boost trade, private sector investment, and strengthen economic integration.
Meteorology Cooperation: The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), GoI, and the Maldives Meteorological Services (MMS), Ministry of Tourism and Environment, Maldives, signed an MoU for cooperation in the field of Meteorology.
Digital Solutions: MoU was signed between the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), GoI, and the Ministry of Homeland Security and Technology of Maldives, for cooperation in the field of sharing successful digital solutions.
Healthcare: An MoU was signed on recognition of Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) by Maldives.
UPI Integration: National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) International Payments Limited (NIPL) and Maldives Money Authority (MMA) signed a Network-to-Network Agreement to launch UPI in Maldives.
>>Read Full News

BANKING & FINANCE

Xflow Received RBI Approval to Operate as Cross –Border Payments Aggregator
In July 2025, Xflow, a cross-border payments platform, has received the In-Principle Authorization (IPA) from Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to operate as an online Payment Aggregator for Cross-Border (PA-CB) transactions.

• This IPA covers both export and import flows, which will enable Xflow to streamline international payments for businesses.

Xflow Expands Cross-Border Payment Services:
Strategic Expansion:Following this new licence, Xflow will be able to scale its services from existing 10,000 businesses to 30,000 businesses by the end of this year.
Innovative Tools:Xflow launched its FX AI Analyst, considered as India’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered tool for forex insights. It will help businesses optimize currency conversions and manage foreign exchange risks more effectively.
Other Companies Operate as PA-CBs: Currently, only 6 companies namely, Adyen India Technology Services Private Limited, Amazon Pay India Private Limited, Cashfree Payments, Indialdeas.com Limited (BillDesk), Pay10 Services Private Limited, and Worldline ePayments India Private Limited, have received IPA from RBI to operate as PA-CBs.

ECONOMY & BUSINESS

BEML Signed MoU with HSL to Advance Next-Gen Marine Engineering Capabilities
In July 2025, BEML Limited, a Schedule ‘A’ Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) under the Ministry of Defence (MoD), has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), to work together on the co-development of advanced marine systems covering innovation, indigenous design and manufacturing under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

• The MoU was formally exchanged in the presence of Shantanu Roy, Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of BEML Limited, and Cmde Hemant Khatri (Retired), CMD of HSL, along with senior officials from both organisations, in New Delhi, Delhi.

Key Details of MoU:
Designing Agency: As per MoU, BEML will lead the design and development of specialized systems and will leverage its domain expertise in platform engineering and structural optimization.
Promoting Indigenisation: HSL is entrusted with the responsibility to accelerate indigenization initiatives and tap into BEML’s strong production capabilities.
Focus Areas:Key systems like: low-bed transportation platforms, dredging equipment, high-capacity cranes and heavy load transporters, crucial for shipyard logistics and maritime infrastructure are covered in this MoU.
Significance:This strategic partnership is set to unlock international-standard capabilities in marine infrastructure and shipyard logistics through co-development of advanced engineering systems.

AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

ISRO Chairman Dr. V. Narayanan Honoured with GP Birla Memorial Award 2025
On July 25, 2025, Dr. V. Narayanan, Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Secretary, Department of Space (DoS), received the GP Birla Memorial Award 2025 for his outstanding contributions to India’s space programme and advancement of cutting-edge space technologies.

• The award was presented by Nirmala Birla, Chairperson of the GP Birla Archaeological, Astronomical and Scientific Institute, during the felicitation ceremony held in Hyderabad, Telangana.

About Dr. V. Narayanan:
Dr. Narayanan previously served as Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC). He played a major role in developing cryogenic propulsion technology and led several key missions, including Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan-3, and Aditya-L1.
About the GP Birla Memorial Award:
Background: The GP Birla Memorial Award, recognises individuals for outstanding contributions in science, education, culture, and public service.
Instituting Body: The award is instituted by the Kolkata (West Bengal, WB) based GP Birla Archaeological Astronomical and Scientific Institute.
Tribute: It commemorates the legacy of Ghanshyamdas (GP) Birla, a renowned industrialist and philanthropist.
Past Recipients: The award has been conferred upon 32 Nobel Laureates, including Dr. Venkataraman Ramakrishnan (Nobel Prize in Chemistry), Prof. Jogesh Pati (Physicist), Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (Former President of India), and Dr. K. Kasturirangan (Former Chairman of ISRO).

APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

GoI appointed Anuradha Thakur as RBI’s Central Board Director
In July 2025, the Government of India (GoI) has appointed Anuradha Thakur, Secretary of the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) under the Ministry of Finance (MoF), as a Director on the Central Board of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), becoming one of the two government nominee directors.

• Her nomination is effective from 24 July 2025 and will continue until further notice.

About Anuradha Thakur:
Service Background: She is a 1994-batch Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer from the Himachal Pradesh(HP) cadre.
Key Roles: She assumed charge as Secretary of DEA on 1 July 2025, replacing Ajay Seth, who superannuated on June 30, 2025 and became the first woman to hold this position in India.

• She also serves as a part-time member on the Board of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Nomination to RBI Board: Her appointment to the RBI Central Board follows the customary practice of the Economic Affairs Secretary serving as an ex-officio member.
Other Nominee on RBI Board: M Nagaraju, Secretary of the Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of Finance(MoF).

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Russia Launches 20 Satellites into Orbit, including One from IranOn July 25, 2025, Russia launched 20 satellites aboard a Soyuz-2.1b carrier rocket from the Vostochny Cosmodrome, a space port in Amur Oblast, Russia. The launch includes two Russian Ionosphere-M-Earth Observation Satellites (EOS), 17 smaller Russian payloads, and a Nahid-2 communications satellite of Iran.
Role of the Satellites:
Nahid-2: The satellite, Nahid-2, meaning “Venus” in the Persian language, is developed by the Iranian Space Agency (ISA) in collaboration with the Iranian Space Research Centre (ISRC). Nahid-2, weighing 110 kilograms (kg), was placed into an approximately 500-kilometer (km) orbit, aiming for an operational life of two years.

• It is equipped with deployable solar panels and capable of sending and receiving telecommunication signals. It has been developed to improve the civil communication capabilities of Iran.

Ionosphere-M Satellites No:3 & 4: The primary payload of the mission was the Ionosphere-M Satellites No:3 and No: 4, designed to study physical processes such as space weather, atmospheric composition, and radiation in the Earth’s ionosphere, caused by both natural and human-induced factors.
17 smaller Russian Satellites: Among the 17 small satellites, 9 satellites were developed by Geoscan, a Russian company, which will conduct Earth imaging, monitor the air and sea traffic, and conduct educational experiments in space technology.
Background: In January 2025, Russia and Iran signed a strategic partnership treaty to deepen their cooperation in political and space technology.
Note: Previously, Russia launched Iranian satellites, Kowsar and Hodhod, called Pars-1 in 2024, and Khayyam in 2022.
About Russia:
President – Vladimir Putin
Prime Minister (PM) – Mikhail Mishustin
Capital – Moscow
Currency – Russian Ruble (RUB)

IMPORTANT DAYS

International Day of Women and Girls of African Descent 2025 – July 25The first-ever United Nation (UN’s) International Day for Women and Girls of African Descent is observed on 25th July, 2025 to celebrate, empower, and elevate the voices and achievements of women and girls of African heritage.

• The theme of International Day of Women and Girls of African Descent 2025 is “Rising Together: Women and Girls of African Descent Leading with Strength,” .

Background:
Adoption: On 13 August 2024, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted Resolution A/RES/78/323, strongly supported by key UN entities such as UN Women (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women), the UN Human Rights Office (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights – OHCHR), and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).

• The resolution aims to celebrate, empower, and amplify the voices and achievements of women and girls of African heritage.

Observance: The UNGA invites all  Member States, UN organizations, international and regional organizations, other relevant stakeholders, including civil society, the private sector, academia, and the media.
About UN Women:
Executive Director-  Sima Sami Bahous
Headquarters – New York City,  the United States of America(USA)
Established- 2010
>>Read Full News

Kargil Vijay Diwas 2025 – July 26Kargil Vijay Diwas, also known as Kargil Victory Day, is observed every year on 26th July across India to commemorate the Indian Army’s victory over Pakistan in the Kargil War of 1999.

• 26th July 2025, India observes the 26th anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas.

Background:
Infiltration: The Kargil War began in May 1999, when around 1,500 Pakistani soldiers and militants crossed the Line of Control (LoC) and occupied Indian territory in the Kargil sector of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) (now in the Union Territory, UT of Ladakh), aiming to sever connectivity between Srinagar and Leh.
Ground Offensive: The IA’s Operation Vijay was launched to recapture infiltrated posts in the Kargil sector, and after over 60 days of high-altitude combat, all intrusions were successfully cleared by 26th July 1999.
Gallantry and Sacrifice: During Operation Vijay, 545 Indian soldiers sacrificed their lives, and their valour was honoured with 4 Param Vir Chakra (PVC), 9 Maha Vir Chakra (MVC), and 55 Vir Chakra (VC) awards.
2025 Events:
Commemorative Event: On 26th July 2025, the Kargil Vijay Diwas ceremony was held at the Kargil War Memorial in Dras, Kargil (Ladakh).

• Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi and President Droupadi Murmu paid tributes to the fallen heroes, stating that their devotion and sacrifice for the motherland will continue to inspire future generations.

Kargil Vijay Diwas Padyatra: On 26th July 2025, MY Bharat (Mera Yuva Bharat), under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports(MYAS), organised the ‘Kargil Vijay Diwas Padyatra’ in Drass to honour the valour of India’s soldiers.
>>Read Full News

International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystems 2025 – July 26The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) observes the International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystems, also known as World Mangrove Day, every year on 26 July to raise global awareness about the significance of mangrove ecosystems. These ecosystems thrive at the boundary of land and sea, where very few tree species can survive.

• July 26, 2025, marks the 10th observance of International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystems.
• The theme for the International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystems 2025 is “Protecting Wetlands for our future”.

Background:
Proclamation: In 2015, during its 38th session, UNESCO adopted Resolution 38 C/66, officially proclaiming 26 July as the International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystems.
First Observance: Held on 26 July 2016, marking the beginning of global recognition and awareness efforts towards mangrove conservation.
Tribute: The date 26 July also honours the memory of Hayhow Daniel Nanoto, a Greenpeace activist from Micronesia, who lost his life on 26 July 1998 during a protest aimed at restoring mangrove wetlands in Muisne, Ecuador.
>>Read Full News

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