some difficult words from editorials , which is important and very helpful for IBPS PO/CLERK/LIC AAO/RRB & SSC CGL EXAM and other exams !!!
The Hindu: Fuel fractions: on petrol, diesel prices
Last Wednesday, the public sector oil marketing companies cut the prices of petrol and diesel by one paisa a litre — the first reduction for a while in motor fuel prices that had been frozen for 19 days in the run-up to the Karnataka elections, only to creep up thereafter. Not surprisingly, the Centre, already under fire for persisting with high fuel taxes despite the rise in the global prices of crude in recent months, faced fresh flak over this cursory cut. The same day, the Kerala government approved a reduction in the sales tax on motor fuel products to effect a ₹1 cut in prices per litre in the State starting June 1. For the BJP-led government at the Centre, gearing up for several Assembly elections this year followed by the general election in 2019, the pressure to check pump-level fuel prices is intensifying. Several formulations are said to be under consideration to soften the blow to the consumer, including a reversion to old-fangled ways such as asking oil producers to bear some of the burden. But there still remains great reluctance to consider the option of reducing excise duties that were raised nine times between November 2014 and January 2016 when global crude oil prices had gone down. It is in this context that Kerala’s decision to slash the sales tax on fuel changes the narrative of the debate as States have also been raking in easy oil revenue.
In all, the government raised central excise duties by ₹11.77 and ₹13.47 for a litre of petrol and diesel, respectively, followed by a ₹2 a litre cut announced in October 2017, when prices started rising. Additionally, States impose ad valorem duties on fuel products, which go as high as 39.27% (in Maharashtra) and average about 26% — so higher prices mean more tax revenue for them. To make matters worse, they levy value-added tax on the fuel price inclusive of central excise duties, not the base price, leading to double taxation and further price amplification. An SBI research report reckons that prices could go down for diesel by ₹3.75 and petrol by ₹5.75, a litre, if only this tax-on-tax-included-price anomaly was fixed. Giving up easy money is never easy, but the recent robust collections from GST should embolden both the Centre and States to bite the bullet now. Rising crude prices spike inflation and the trade deficit, putting pressure on the rupee and GDP growth. Industry has warned that domestic oil pricing policies are hurting the nascent recovery, and global rating agencies are already slashing India’s growth expectations for this calendar year, citing the oil issue. Two years ago, Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister Dharmendra Pradhan had said that the government was raising excise duties to protect the consumer. The logic: consumers could become vulnerable if exposed to low prices and feel a greater pinch when prices went up. The obvious corollary of that stance — that high taxes on fuel need to be cut when prices rise again — has been ignored so far.
1. Frozen (verb) : जमे हुए
Meaning : become or cause to become blocked, covered, or rigid with ice.
Synonyms : turn into ice, ice over, ice up, solidify, harden; archaicglaciate.
Antonyms : boil,heat.
Usage : the pipes had frozen.
2. Persisting (Verb) : बने
Meaning : continue in an opinion or course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition.
Synonyms : persevere, continue, carry on, go on, keep at it, keep on, keep going, keep it up, not give up, be persistent, be determined, see/follow something through, show determination, press on/ahead, plod on, plough on, stay with something, not take no for an answer; be tenacious, be pertinacious, insist.
Antonyms : cease, give up, leave, quit, stop.
Usage : the minority of drivers who persist in drinking.
3. Gearing up (Phrasal verb) : कमर कस
Meaning : to prepare yourself, or to prepare something for an activity or event.
Synonyms : accouter,adorn,appoint,arm,array,attire, deck, deck out,decorate,dress,endow, feather nest, fit out, fix up,furnish,gear, gear up, heel,implement, line nest,man,outfit, prep,prepare,provide,qualify,ready, rig,set up,stake,stock,supply, turn out.
Antonyms : hold back,retard,slow.
Usage : The tobacco companies are gearing up to fight the new tax.
4. Intensifying (Verb) : तेज
Meaning : become or make more intense.
Synonyms : escalate, step up, boost, increase, raise, sharpen, strengthen, augment, add to, concentrate, reinforce; gain strength, pick up, build up, heighten, deepen, broaden, widen, extend, expand, amplify, magnify; aggravate, exacerbate, make worse, worsen, inflame, compound.
Antonyms : alleviatory.
Usage : Henry intensified his attack on the churc.
5. Revenue (Noun) : राजस्व
Meaning : income, especially when of an organization and of a substantial nature.
Synonyms : income, takings, receipts, proceeds, earnings; profit, profits, returns, return, rewards, yield, interest, gain; informalbunce.
Antonyms : debt, payment.
Usage : traders have lost £10,000 in revenue since the traffic scheme was implemented.
6. Impose (Verb) : थोपना
Meaning : force (an unwelcome decision or ruling) on someone.
Synonyms : foist, force, thrust, inflict, obtrude, press, urge.
Antonyms : deny, frustrate, refuse, withhold.
Usage : the decision was theirs and was not imposed on them by others.
7. Inclusive (Adjective) : सम्मिलित
Meaning : including all the services or items normally expected or required.
Synonyms : all-in, all-inclusive, with everything included, comprehensive, in toto; overall, full, all-round. Antonyms – exclusive, incomprehensive, narrow.
Usage : the company quoted an inclusive price.
8. Reckons(Verb) : मानना
Meaning : establish by calculation.
Synonyms : calculate, compute, work out, put a figure on, figure, number, quantify; count (up), add up, total, tally; tot up.
Antonyms : neglect, subtract.
Usage : his debts were reckoned at £300,000.
9. Nascent (Adjective) : नवजात
Meaning : (especially of a process or organization) just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential.
Synonyms : beginning, blossoming, burgeoning, bursting forth, embryonic, fledgling, fresh, germinal, germinating, growing, incipient, maturing, nascent, opening, potential, promising, pubescent, pullulating, shooting up, sprouting, vegetating, young.
Antonyms : dying, shrinking, withering.
Usage : the nascent space industry.
10. Corollary (Noun) : परिणाम
Meaning : a proposition that follows from (and is often appended to) one already proved.
Synonyms : aftereffect, analogy, consequence, culmination, effect, end, end product, induction, inference, issue, precipitate, result, sequel, sequence, upshot.
Antonyms : concept, theory.
