some difficult words from editorials , which is important and very helpful for IBPS PO/CLERK/LIC AAO/RRB & SSC CGL EXAM and other exams !!!
The world has just learned how a data analytics firm, Cambridge Analytica, harvested the data of 50 million Facebook users and used that information to feed strategies such as ‘behavioural microtargeting’ and ‘psychographic messaging’ for Donald Trump’s presidential campaign in the U.S. Chris Wylie, a former CA employee-turned-whistle-blower, set off a storm with revelations of how the company had deployed a ‘psychological warfare’ tool for alt-right media guru Steve Bannon to try to sway the election in Mr. Trump’s favour. CA chief executive Alexander Nix, who was suspended a few days ago following an undercover report by a British TV broadcaster, said the company has used other dubious methods in projects worldwide — including honeytraps to discredit clients’ opponents. The combination of using personal data without consent and tailoring slander campaigns, fake news and propaganda to discovered preferences of voters is a potent and corrosive cocktail. Facebook has said its policies in 2014, when a personality profiling app was run on its platform, permitted the developer to scrape data not only from those who downloaded the app but also from the profiles of their Facebook ‘friends’. Yet it did not make sure the data were destroyed by the app’s developer Aleksandr Kogan, a Cambridge University academic, nor by CA itself when it came to light that Mr. Kogan had sold the data to CA, a third party. Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg has offered an apology and expressed willingness to cooperate with inquiries and potentially open up Facebook to regulation.
This episode has brought to light several issues that need to be addressed. First, companies have been collecting data and tailoring marketing campaigns accordingly. The issue here is particularly prickly because politics and elections are involved. Second, regardless of whether what Facebook and CA did was legal or not, something is broken in a policy environment in which the data of millions are taken and used when only 270,000 people knowingly or unknowingly gave consent. Third, technology is evolving at a rapid pace, raising the question whether laws need to be reframed mandating an opt-out approach universally rather than an opt-in approach. Individuals often share their data without being aware of it or understanding the implications of privacy terms and conditions. Fourth, there must be clear laws on the ownership of data and what data need to be protected. Personal data cannot be the new oil. Individuals must own it, have a right to know what companies and governments know about them and, in most cases, that is, when there are no legitimate security or public interest reasons, have the right to have their data destroyed. The CA issue is a wake-up call for India; the government is still dragging its feet on framing a comprehensive and robust data protection law.
1. Revelations (verb) : खुलासे
Meaning : a surprising and previously unknown fact that has been disclosed to others.
Synonyms : disclosure, surprising fact, divulgence, declaration, utterance, announcement, report, news, leak, avowal; acknowledgement, admission, confession.
Antonyms : secret.
Usage : a surprising and previously unknown fact that has been disclosed to others.
2. Consent (noun) : सहमति
Meaning : permission for something to happen or agreement to do something.
Synonyms : agreement, assent, concurrence, accord; permission, authorization, sanction, leave, clearance, acquiescence, acceptance, approval, seal of approval, stamp of approval, imprimatur, backing, endorsement, confirmation, support, favour, good wishes; informalgo-ahead, thumbs up, green light.
Antonyms : denial, difference, disagreement, disapproval, dissension, objection, opposition, protest, refusal.
Usage : no change may be made without the consent of all the partners.
3. Propaganda (noun) : प्रचार प्रसार
Meaning : information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.
Synonyms : information, promotion, advertising, advertisement, publicity, advocacy; spin, newspeak, agitprop, disinformation, counter-information, brainwashing, indoctrination, the big lie; informalinfo, hype, plugging.
Antonyms : truth.
Usage : regulations restricting political propaganda were relaxed.
4. Corrosive (adjective) : संक्षारक
Meaning : tending to cause corrosion.
Synonyms : caustic, corroding, eroding, erosive, abrasive, biting, mordant, burning, stinging; acid, alkali; destructive, damaging, harmful, harsh, environmentally unfriendly; rareconsumptive.
Antonyms : contributing, fortifying, supporting.
Usage : the corrosive effects of salt water.
5. Profiling (noun) : रूपरेखा
Meaning : the recording and analysis of a person’s psychological and behavioural characteristics, so as to assess or predict their capabilities in a certain sphere or to assist in identifying categories of people.
Synonyms : contour, delineation, figuration, figure, form, likeness, line, lineament, lineation, portrait, shadow, shape, side view, silhouette, sketch.
Antonyms : back, behind, rear.
Usage : we put everyone through psychometric profiling.
6. Willingness (noun) : इच्छा
Meaning : the quality or state of being prepared to do something; readiness.
Synonyms : readiness, preparedness, disposition, inclination, will, wish, desire; eagerness, keenness, enthusiasm.
Antonyms : unwillingness, involuntariness.
Usage : the ability and willingness of workers to migrate.
7. Evolving (verb) : उद्विकासी
Meaning : develop gradually.
Synonyms : develop, progress, make progress, advance, move forward, make headway, mature, grow, open out, unfold, unroll, expand, enlarge, spread, extend; alter, change, transform, adapt, metamorphose, differentiate; humoroustransmogrify.
Antonyms : block,decrease,halt,stop.
Usage : the company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer.
8. Mandating (verb) : अनिवार्य
Meaning : give (someone) authority to act in a certain way.
Synonyms : authorization, behest, bidding, blank check, carte blanche, charge, command, commission, decree, dictate, directive, edict, fiat, go-ahead, green light, imperative, injunction, instruction, okay, precept, sanction, warrant.
Antonyms : denial, veto.
Usage : the rightful king was mandated and sanctioned by God.
9. Implications (noun) : निहितार्थ
Meaning : the conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is not explicitly stated.
Synonyms : suggestion, inference, insinuation, innuendo, hint, intimation, imputation, indication; connotation, overtone, undertone, hidden meaning, secondary meaning.
Antonyms : unconcern.
Usage : the implication is that no one person at the bank is responsible.
10. Dragging (verb) : खींचना
Meaning : pull (someone or something) along forcefully, roughly, or with difficulty.
Synonyms : haul, pull, draw, tug, heave, trail, trawl, tow; streel; informalyank, lug; archaichale.
Antonyms : elevate,honor,laud,praise,upgrade,value.
Usage : she dragged the heavy chair nearer to the bed.
