English Questions – Reading Comprehension Set 47

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So let us pose the question differently — who suffers in the absence of a Uniform Civil Code? Is it Muslim women, victims of polygamy and triple talaq, as Hindutvavadi wisdom has it? But for decades, feminist legal practice has successfully used both the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 — that is available to all Indian citizens regardless of religious identity — as well as the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, to deal with polygamy and triple talaq, and to obtain maintenance, child custody and rights to matrimonial home for countless Muslim women. In addition, feminist legal activists have used the landmark Shamim Ara v. State of U.P. (2002) ruling to buttress their claim that arbitrary triple talaq is invalid.
Moreover, polygamy is not exclusive to Muslims. Hindu men are polygamous too, except that because polygamy is legally banned in Hindu law, subsequent wives have no legal standing and no protection under the law. Under Sharia law, on the contrary, subsequent wives have rights and husbands have obligations towards them. If gender justice is the value we espouse, rather than monogamy per se, we would be thinking about how to protect “wives” in the patriarchal institution of marriage. “Wives” are produced through the institution of compulsory heterosexual marriage, the basis of which is the sexual division of labour. This institution is sustained by the productive and reproductive labour of women, and almost all women are exclusively trained to be wives alone.
Thus, when a marriage fails to fulfil its patriarchal promise of security in return for that labour, all that most women are left with is the capacity for unskilled labour. Or they remain trapped in marriage with children to provide for, while men marry again, legally or otherwise, producing still more dependent, exploited wives and children for whom they take no responsibility. If gender justice is the point of legal reforms, the centrality and power of the compulsory heterosexual, patriarchal marriage, and the damage it can do to women, is what must be mitigated. This would mean recognising the reality of multiple “wives” as a common practice across communities, and the protection of the rights of all women in such relationships.In this sense, recent Supreme Court rulings that have granted rights to second wives in Hindumarriages dilute the legal standing of monogamy for Hindus but empower women.
A survey conducted by the Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan, a significant voice in the debate, found that more than 90 per cent of Muslim women in India want a ban on “triple talaq” and polygamy in Muslim Personal Law. That is, the demand is made within the framework of codifying Muslim Personal Law, not in favour of a Uniform Civil Code, partly because there is no clarity on what a uniform code would look like, but also because the demand comes from clearly Hindutvavadi quarters which have shown that both women and minorities are expendable for them.

1. What according to the passage founded in a survey conducted by the Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan?
1) polygamy is not only exclusive to Muslims
2) “Wives” are produced through the institution of compulsory heterosexual marriage, the basis
of which is the sexual division of labour
3) more than 90 per cent of Muslim women in India want a ban on “triple talaq” and polygamy
in Muslim Personal Law
4) Both A and B
5) None of the above

2. Which among the following is TRUE according to the passage given above?
1) feminist legal activists have used the landmark Shamim Ara v. State of U.P. (2012) ruling to buttress their claim that arbitrary triple talaq is invalid
2) Domestic Violence Act, 2006 that is available to all Indian citizens regardless of religious
identity
3) polygamy is legally banned in Hindu law
4) Both A and B
5) None of the above

3. What is the recent Supreme Court rule?
1) Under Sharia law, on the contrary, subsequent wives have rights and husbands have
obligations towards them
2) granted rights to second wives in Hindu marriages dilute the legal standing of monogamy for
Hindus but empower women
3) when a marriage fails to fulfil its patriarchal promise of security in return for that labour, all
that most women are left with is the capacity for unskilled labour
4) Both A and C.
5) All of the above

4. Which of the following is/are true regarding Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986?
1) it deal with polygamy and triple talaq
2) wives have no legal standing and no protection under the law
3) and to obtain maintenance child custody and rights to matrimonial home for countless
Muslim women
4) both A and C
5) All of the above

5. Which of the following would be a suitable title of the passage?
1) The real issue of gender justice
2) Lessons from the Goa experience
3) A stick to beat Muslims with
4) It isn’t about women
5) None of these

6. Which among the following is MOST SIMILAR in meaning to the word “subsequent”?
1) previous
2) former
3) earlier
4) consequent
5) antecedent

7. Which among the following is MOST OPPOSITE in meaning to the word “buttress”?
1) stanchion
2) shore
3) weaken
4) underpinning
5) strut

8. Which among the following is MOST SIMILAR in meaning to the word “arbitrary”?
1) supported
2) reasonable
3) reasoned
4) circumspect
5) approximate

9. Which among the following is MOST OPPOSITE in meaning to the word “exploited”?
1) easily
2) Apply
3) Employ
4) noncommercial
5) difficult

10. Which among the following is MOST SIMILAR in meaning to the word “dilute”?
1) deliquesce
2) concentrate
3) strengthen
4) thicken
5) pick up