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Welcome to Online English Section with explanation in AffairsCloud.com. Here we are creating question sample in Reading comprehension, which is BASED ON IBPS PO/CLERK/LIC AAO/RRB & SSC CGL EXAM and other competitive exams.
When times are hard, doomsayers are aplenty. The problem is that if you listen to them too
carefully, you tend to overlook the most obvious signs of change. 2011 was a bad year. Can 2012 be any worse? Doomsday forecasts are the easiest to make these days. So let’s try a contrarian’s forecast instead.
Let’s start with the global economy. We have seen a steady flow of good news from the US. The employment situation seems to be improving rapidly and consumer sentiment, reflected in retail expenditures on discretionary items like electronics and clothes, has picked up. If these trends sustain, the US might post better growth numbers for 2012 than the 1.5 – 1.8 per cent being forecast currently. Japan is likely to pull out of a recession in 2012 as post-earthquake reconstruction efforts gather momentum and the fiscal stimulus announced in 2011 begins to pay off. The consensus estimate for growth in Japan is a respectable 2 per cent for 2012. The “hared-landing” scenario for China remains and will remain a myth. Growth might decelerate further from the 9 per cent that expected to clock in 2011 but is unlikely to drop below 8-8.5 per cent in 2012.
Europe is certainly in a spot to trouble. It is perhaps already in recession and for 2012 it is likely to post mildly negative growth. The risk of implosion has dwindled over the last few months – peripheral economics like Greece, Italy and Spain have new governments in place and have made progress towards genuine economic reform. Even with some of these positive factors in place, we have to accept to fact that global growth in 2012 will be tepid. But there is a flip side to this. Softer growth means lower demand for commodities and this is likely to drive a correction in commodity prices. Lower commodity inflation will enable emerging market central banks to reserve their monetary stance. China, for instance, has already reversed it stance and has pared its reserve ratio twice. The RBI also seems poised for a reversal in its rate cycle as headline inflation seems well on its way to its target of 7 per cent for March 2012.
That said, oil might be an exception to the general trend in commodities. Rising geographical tensions, particularly the continuing face-off between Iran and the US, might lead to a spurt in prices. It might make sense for our oil companies to hedge this risk instead of buying oil in the spot market.
As inflation fears abate and emerging market central banks begins to cut rates, two things could happen. Lower commodity inflation would mean lower interest rates and better credit availability. This could set a floor to growth and slowly reverse the business cycle within these economies. Second, as the fear of untamed, runaway inflation in these economies abates, the global investor’s comfort levels with their markets will increase.
Which of the emerging markets will outperform and who will get left being? In an environment in which global growth is likely to be weak, economies like India that have a powerful domestic consumption dynamic should lead; those dependent on exports should, prima facie, fall behind.Specifically for India, a fall in the exchange rate could not have come at a better time. It will help Indian exporters gain market share even if global trade remains depressed. More importantly, it could lead to massive import substitution that favours domestic producers.
Let’s now focus on India and start with a caveat. It is important not to confuse a short-run cyclical dip with a permanent de-rating of its long-term structural potential. The arithmetic is simple. Our growth rate can bin the range of 7-10 percent depending on policy action. Then per cent if we get everything right, 7 per cent if we get it all wrong. Which policies and reforms are critical to taking us to our 10 per cent potential? In judging this, let’s again be careful. Let’s not go by the laundry list of reforms that FLLs like to wave: increase in foreign equity limits in foreign shareholding, greater voting rights for institutional shareholders in banks, FDI in retail, etc. These can have an impact only at the margin. We need not bend over backwards to appease the FLLs through these reforms- they will invest in our markets when momentum picks up and will be the first to exit when the momentum flags, reforms or not.
The reforms that we need are the ones that can actually raise our sustainable long term growth rate. These have to come in areas’ like better targeting of subsides, making projects in infrastructure viable of that they draw capital, raising the productivity of agriculture, improving healthcare and education, bringing the parallel economy under the tax net, implementing fundamental reforms in taxation like GST and the direct tax code and finally easing the myriad rules and regulations that make doing business in India such a nightmare. A number of these things do not require new legislation and can be done through executive order.
1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
(a) China’s economic growth may decline in the year 2012 as compared to the year 2011
(b) The European economy is not doing very well
(c) Greece is on the verge of bringing about economic reforms
(d) In the year 2012, Japan may post a positive growth and thus pull out of recession
(e) All are true
2. Which of the following will possibly be a result of softer growth estimated for the year 2012?
(1) Prices of oil will not increase
(2) Credit availability would be lesser.
(3) Commodity inflation would be lesser.
(a) Only (2)
(b) Only (1) and (2)
(c) Only (1) and (3)
(d) Only (3)
(e) All (1), (2) and (3)
3. Which of the following can be said about the present status of the US economy?
(a) There is not much improvement in the economic scenario of the country from the year 2011
(b) The growth in the economy of the county, in the year 2012, would definitely be lesser than 1.8 per cent
(c) The expenditure on clothes and electronic commodities, by consumers, is lesser than that in the year 2011
(d) There is a change that in 2012 the economy would be better than what has been forecast
(e) The pace of change in the employment scenario of the country is very slow.
4. Which of the following is possibly the most appropriate title for the passage?
(a) The Economic Disorder
(b) Indian Economy Versus The European Economy
(c) Global Trade
(d) The Current Economic Scenario
(e) Characteristics of the Indian Economy
5. According to the author, which of the following would characterize Indian growth scenario in 2012?
(1) Domestic producers will take a hit because of depressed global trade scenario.
(2) On account of its high domestic consumption, India will lead
(3) Indian exporters will have a hard time in gaining market share.
(a) Only (2)
(b) Only (1) and (2)
(c) Only (2) and (3)
(d) Only (1)
(e) All (1), (2) and (3)
6. Why does the author not recommend taking up the reforms suggested by FLLs.
(a) These will bring about only mirror growth
(b) The reforms suggested will have no effect on the economy of our country, whereas will benefit the FLLS significantly
(c) The previous such recommendations had backfired
(d) These reforms will be the sole reason for our country’s economic downfall
(e) The reforms suggested by them are not to be trusted as they will not being about any positive growth in India.
7. Which of the following is TRUE as per the scenario presented in the passage?
(a) The highest growth the rate that India can expect is 7 percent
(b) The fall in the exchange rate will prove beneficial to India
(c) Increased FDI in retail as suggested by FLLs would benefit India tremendously
(d) The reforms suggested by the author require new legislation in India
(e) None of these
8. According to the author, which of the following reforms is/are needed to ensure long term growth in India?
(1) Improving healthcare and educational facilities.
(2) Bringing about reforms in taxation.
(3) Improving agriculture productivity.
(a) Only (2)
(b) Only (1) and (2)
(c) Only (2) and (3)
(d) Only (1)
(e) All (1), (2) and (3)
Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in meaning to the word/ group of words printed in bold as used in the passage.
9. DRAWN
(a) entice
(b) push
(c) decoy
(d) attract
(e) persuade
10. CLOCK
(a) watch
(b) achieve
(c) time
(d) second
(e) regulate
11. ABATE
(a) rise
(b) gear
(c) hurl
(d) lessen
(e) retreats
12. EMERGING
(a) raising
(b) developing
(c) noticaeable
(d) conspicuous
(e) uproaring
Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in meaning to the word/ group of words printed in bold as used in the passage.
13. MYRIAD
(a) trivial
(b) difficult
(c) few
(d) effortless
(e) countless
14. TEPID
(f) moderate
(g) high
(h) warm
(i) irregular
(j) little
15. MYTH
(a) reality
(b) belief
(c) contrast
(d) idealism
(e) falsehood
