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During the 1990s, the idea of a UCC was extensively criticised by women’s groups who feared the unspoken intentions of the Hindu Right in advocating it. An influential (1) of argument questioned public perceptions and assumptions about personal law, namely: Hindu personal law has been successfully reformed; in sharp contrast, Muslim law remains uncodified and imposes the worst (2) on Muslim women; therefore, Hindu personal law should be made the basis for a UCC. There was much to be questioned in such assumptions. For instance, it was pointed out that, historically, Muslim personal law was way ahead of its Hindu (3) since marriage was understood to be a contract between individuals with built-in provision for divorce, while Hindu law languished within notions of (4) , the absence of personhood for Hindu wives, the vagaries of the Hindu Undivided Family, and so on. Much was made of a Census study on marriage and polygamy (which had been cited in the famous ‘Towards Equality’ report of 1974 on the status of Indian women) which showed that the (5) of polygamy (usually bigamy) was in fact greater among Hindus than Muslims. Moreover, such wives had no rights under the reformed Hindu law, unlike the rights available to Muslim women under polygamy.
Now that we are once again faced with the spectre of a UCC being (6) on us, this represents an opportunity to take stock from where we are today. We believe that there are three main lessons to be learnt from our recent past. First, we must stop making dubious comparisons between Muslim and Hindu women. Having studied the comparative data on polygamy that continue to be (7) , we noticed the following. One, the data come from a special sample survey conducted by the Census of India in 1960 of one lakh women, which is explicitly acknowledged to be a non-representative sample — that is, it may be suggestive, but cannot stand for entities like India, Hindu women or Muslim women. Two, the survey includes women who were married between 1940 and 1960 — which means that 15 of these 20 years were prior to the (8) in 1955 of the Hindu Code Bill that outlawed polygamy. And three, the overall incidence of polygamy reported for Hindu and Muslim women is 5.7 per cent and 5.6 per cent, respectively. In short, these data do not prove that there was more bigamy among Hindu women than Muslim women even in 1960, let alone in more recent times. (We may note in passing that the authors of the ‘Towards Equality’ report were (9) concerned about the high incidence of polygamy among tribal groups, where rates were (10) over time and had reached 18 per cent during 1951-60.)
- 1) wedge
2) slice
3) slab
4) batch
5) strandAnswer – 5)
Explanation : strand - 1) vulnerabilities
2) carefulness
3) guard
4) preservation
5) flowAnswer – 1)
Explanation : vulnerabilities - 1) contradictory
2) antipodal
3) counterpart
4) antipodean
5) contradictoryAnswer – 3)
Explanation : counterpart - 1) rigid
2) sacrament
3) profane
4) ungodly
5) unsacredAnswer – 2)
Explanation : sacrament - 1) perceptual
2) incidence
3) conjoin
4) devastated
5) inoculateAnswer – 2)
Explanation : incidence - 1) foisted
2) allowance
3) assent
4) concession
5) sufferanceAnswer – 1)
Explanation : foisted - 1) discourage
2) privilege
3) endorsement
4) cited
5) denounceAnswer – 4)
Explanation : cited - 1) indictment
2) enactment
3) repeal
4) abysmal
5) predicamentAnswer – 2)
Explanation : enactment - 1) specially
2) generally
3) logically
4) particularly
5) similarlyAnswer – 4)
Explanation : particularly - 1) tacit
2) stoic
3) increasing
4) fluctuate
5) decreedAnswer – 3)
Explanation : increasing
