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NATIONAL AFFAIRS

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Completes 25 Years of Rural Road DevelopmentOn 25 December 2025, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), launched on 25 December 2000 as one of India’s most transformative rural infrastructure programmes, celebrated its 25th anniversary.

• PMGSY has approved over 8,25,114 kilometre (km) of rural roads and completed around 787,520 km, achieving nearly 95% of the planned physical progress as of December 2025.

About Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY) :
Objective: The objective of PMGSY is to provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected habitations in rural areas by way of a single all-weather road, to the eligible unconnected habitations of designated population size in the core network.
Nodal Agency: The programme is implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) through the Rural Roads Wing, in coordination with State Governments and Union Territories.
Funding Pattern: This is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS). The funding pattern of PMGSY is in the ratio of 60:40 in respect of all the States except Special Category States (8 North Eastern (NE) States: Jammu & Kashmir(J&K), Himachal Pradesh (HP), Uttarakhand and Union Territories (UTs) with Legislatures, for which the sharing pattern would be 90:10 and for UTs without legislatures, the centre will provide 100% funding.
Financial Allocation: For the Financial Year 2025-26 (FY26), an allocation of Rs 19,000 crore (Cr) has been made for the programme.
Phase-IV: Launched in 2024, Phase IV of the PMGSY aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to 25,000 unconnected rural habitations based on Census 2011 population criteria.

• Under this phase, a total of 62,500 km of roads is planned to be constructed during Financial Year 2024-25(FY25) to FY29, with an overall financial outlay of Rs. 70,125 crore.

>>Read Full News

Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh Launches Five Digital Governance Reforms on Good Governance Day 2025On 25th December 2025, Union Minister of State (MoS) Jitendra Singh, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions (MoPP&P), launched five transformative digital initiatives of the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), MoPP&P during the ‘National Workshop on Good Governance Practices 2025’, held in New Delhi (Delhi), on the occasion of Good Governance Day.
About 5 Transformative Digital Initiatives:
Compendium on Reservation for Ex-Servicemen (ESM): A Compendium of Guidelines on Reservation for ESM in the Central Government has been launched, consolidating all existing instructions into a single updated reference document.
AI-Powered Recruitment Rules Generator Tool: It has been introduced and integrated with the Recruitment Rules Formulation, Amendment and Monitoring System (RRFAMS) portal.
e-HRMS 2.0 Mobile App: It has been launched for Android and iPhone Operating System (iOS) platforms under Mission Karmayogi.

• The application integrates key Human Resources(HR) services such as service records, promotions, transfers, training, and superannuation with SPARROW (Smart Performance Appraisal Report Recording Online Window), PFMS (Public Financial Management System), and Bhavishya (Pension Processing Portal).

iGOT AI Platforms: AI-enabled features, including iGOT AI Sarthi for resource discovery and iGOT AI Tutor for personalised learning support, have been added to the iGOT Karmayogi platform.

• The iGOT Specialisation Programme and AI-based Capacity Building Plan Tool provide structured learning pathways and role–competency mapping for Ministries and States.

KDLL 2.0: Karmayogi Digital Learning Lab(KDLL) 2.0 has been launched as an upgraded facility for digital content creation.
>>Read Full News

MoCA Grants NOCs to Al Hind Air, FlyExpress, and Shankh AirIn December 2025, the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) granted No Objection Certificates (NOCs) to 2 new airlines namely Al Hind Air and FlyExpress, joining Shankh Air, which had previously received its NOC. All three airlines are expected to commence operations in 2026.

• This decision was taken by the MoCA after mass cancellations by Interglobe Aviation Ltd (IndiGo), India’s largest airline, nearly crippled one of the world’s fastest growing aviation markets.

Key Details:
AOC Certificate: These newly approved airlines are now required to secure an Air Operator Certificate (AOC) from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), under the MoCA.
About New Airlines:

• Al-Hind is owned by Kerala-based travel and tourism conglomerate, Alhind Group.
• FlyExpress is supported by Hyderabad(Telangana) based  courier and cargo services company.
• Shank Air is currently being launched by Uttar Pradesh(UP’s) Shank Aviation Private Limited. It aims to operate from Noida International Airport.

Status of India’s Domestic Aviation Market: 
Monopoly of Two Major Air Groups: At present, India’s domestic aviation market is dominated by IndiGo and Tata-owned Air India Group. 

• Together, these airlines account for nearly 90% of passenger traffic.
• Currently, IndiGo alone accounts for over 65% of the market share; followed by Air India Group which holds about 27%.

Domestic Airlines in India: Apart from IndiGo and Air India Group (including Air India, Air India Express ), other scheduled domestic airlines currently operating in India are: Alliance Air, Akasa Air, SpiceJet, Star Air, Fly91, and IndiaOne Air.
About Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA):
Union Minister- Kinjarapu Rammohan Naidu (Constituency- Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, AP)
Minister of State (MoS)- Murlidhar Kisan Mohol (Constituency- Pune, Maharashtra)

President Murmu Releases Constitution in Santhali Language
In December 2025, the President of India, Droupadi Murmu officially released the Constitution of India in the Santhali language using the Ol Chiki script during a function held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi, Delhi.

• During the event, President appreciated the efforts of  Ministry of Law and Justice (MoL&J) and his team for writing the Constitution in Santhali language.

About Santhali Language:
Dignitaries Present: Vice President(VP) C. P. Radhakrishnan and Minister of State(MoS) (Independent Charge, IC) Arjun Ram Meghwal, MoL&J were among the dignitaries present at the event.
Official Language: The Santhali language was included in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution as one of the official languages through  the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003.

• At present, 22 Indian languages are recognised as official languages of India, listed under the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.

Spoken Across: The Santhali Language, one of the most ancient living languages in India, is spoken widely by a large tribal community across Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal (WB), and Bihar.
About the Script: This launch coincides with Ol Chiki script 100th year.

NIFTEM-K Signs MoU with MoMA to Implement PM VIKAS Scheme
In December 2025, the National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli (NIFTEM-K), under the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Ministry of Minority Affairs (MoMA) to implement the Pradhan Mantri Virasat Ka Samvardhan (PM-VIKAS) Scheme.

• The initiative aimed to provide demand-based skill training and ensure employment and livelihood opportunities, is expected to be rolled out in January 2026.

Key Details of MoU:
PIA: As per the MoU, NIFTEM-K will act as a Project Implementing Agency (PIA) to provide skill development programs for youth from minority communities.
Focus Areas: As part of this strategic partnership, NIFTEM-K has been tasked to train 2,110 beneficiaries under 3 categories: Multi Skill Technician (Food Processing), Millet Products Processor, and Assistant Baking Technician.
Training Locations: The training programs will be conducted across 7 locations in 4 states: Jharkhand, Bihar, Punjab, and Haryana.
Key Benefits: The project will facilitate National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF) compliant skill training to the eligible beneficiaries through National Council of Vocational Education and Training (NCVET) approved courses.

• The program will provide placement support for eligible beneficiaries and award certificates from Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)-accredited institutions.

Zoho-Backed VoxelGrids Builds India’s First Indigenous MRI Scanner
On December 25, 2025, VoxelGrids, a Zoho-backed startup, developed and deployed India’s first fully indigenous 1.5‑tesla (1.5T) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner at the Chandrapur Cancer Care Foundation, near Nagpur, Maharashtra.

About Indigenous MRI Scanner:
Indigenous Medical Technology: This MRI scanner is the culmination of a 12-year mission led by VoxelGrids Founder Arjun Arunachalam to design and build an MRI system domestically, reducing India’s dependence on foreign imports.
Technology: Uses a helium-free “dry magnet” design, eliminating the need for costly liquid helium coolant.
Cost & Efficiency: Approximately 40% cheaper to manufacture, more energy-efficient, and lighter.
Design Advantage: Compact form factor makes it suitable for small hospitals and potential mobile deployments in rural and underserved areas.
Government Support: The MRI scanner, developed under the National Biopharma Mission (NBM), showcases public-private collaboration in advanced medical technology and aligns with India’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

India Unveils First ‘Organised Crime Network Database’ to Track Organised Criminals and Terror Links
On December 26, 2025, the Union Minister Amit Shah, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and the Ministry of Cooperation launched India’s first-ever national-level ‘Organised Crime Network Database’ (OCND) to combat organised crime and terror-linked networks.

• The database was unveiled at the ‘Anti-Terror Conference–2025’, a two-day annual event held in New Delhi, Delhi.

About OCND:
Technology: An Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered analytical platform designed to enable investigating officers to instantly retrieve comprehensive information on organised criminals.
Data Integration: Aggregates First Information Reports (FIRs), charge sheets, dossiers, and other critical inputs related to organised crime from all states, providing real-time access to investigating agencies.
Collaboration: Developed by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in close coordination with State Police Forces and the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID).
Alignment: Aligns with the Government of India’s zero-tolerance policy against terrorism, improving coordination among law enforcement and intelligence agencies.

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

India to Assume Chairpersonship of Kimberley Process from January 01, 2026In December 2025, India will officially assume the chair of Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), also known as Kimberley Process (KP), a global initiative to remove conflict diamonds from the global supply chain, from January 01, 2026.

• This is for the 3rd time that India has been elected Chair of KP.
• India will take over the chairpersonship from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the current Chair of the KP.

India’s Role and Priorities in KP:
Vice Chair : Prior assuming the chairmanship, India officially took over as Vice Chair of KP from December 25, 2025.
Key Functions: During its term, India will primarily focus on bolstering governance and compliance, promoting digital certification and traceability, improving transparency through data-driven monitoring, and strengthening consumer trust in conflict-free diamonds.
Key Objective: India will work closely with all participants and observer states, to ensure rule-based compliance and improve the credibility and effectiveness of the KP as an inclusive multilateral framework.
Nodal Agency: The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) which works under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MoC&I) is the nodal agency for KP in India.
About Kimberley Process (KP):
Background: KPCS, established in accordance with the United Nations (UN) resolution, came into force on January 01, 2003. 
Tripartite Initiative: KP is a tripartite initiative which involves governments, the global diamond industry, and civil society, aimed to curb trade in ‘conflict diamonds’ also known as rough diamonds, used by rebel groups to finance conflicts globally.
Participants: At present, KP has 60 participants, representing 86 countries with the European Union (EU) and its member states considered as a single participant.
Appointment Mechanism: Under the KP framework, the Vice-Chair automatically succeeds to the Chair in the subsequent year, with both roles appointed by consensus of the Plenary.
Diamond Trade: Cumulatively, the participants of KP account for more than 99% of global rough diamond trade, which makes it the most comprehensive global mechanism governing this sector.
About Kimberley Process (KP):
Executive Secretary- Bojun Tang
Headquarters- Gaborone, Botswana
Established – 2003

BANKING & FINANCE

SEBI Simplifies the Procedure for Issuing Duplicate Securities, Increases ThresholdIn December 2025, the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) simplified the procedure of issuance of duplicate securities by increasing the threshold and easing the documentation requirements.
Key Highlights
New Threshold: The regulator has doubled the monetary threshold for simplified documentation from Rs 5 lakh to Rs 10 lakh, making the process faster, more efficient and investor-friendly.

• This implies that investors holding securities valued up to Rs 10 lakh will now be required to submit fewer documents.

Effective Date: The new rules come into effect immediately and will also apply to applications currently under process.
About Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI):
The SEBI, a market regulator was constituted as a non-statutory body on April 12,1988 through a resolution of the Government of India (GoI) and was established as a statutory body in 1992.
Chairman – Tuhin Kanta Pandey
Headquarters – Mumbai, Maharashtra
>>Read Full News

APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

Govt Appoints Three Senior Advocates as ASGs for the Supreme Court
In December 2025, the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC), headed by Prime Minister(PM) Narendra Modi, approved the appointment of Senior Advocates Davinder Pal Singh, Kanakamedala Ravindra Kumar, and Anil Kaushik as Additional Solicitors General (ASGs) for India in the Supreme Court of India(SCI).

• The appointments are valid for three years from the date of assuming office, or until further orders, whichever comes first.

About New Additional Solicitors General(ASGs):
Role: ASGs support the Attorney General of India (AGI) and the Solicitor General of India (SGI) in representing the Government of India (GoI) before the SCI.
Davinder Pal Singh: He is the Founder and Senior Partner of Arthe Law, empanelled with the Competition Commission of India (CCI).

• He has held key legal roles, including Additional Advocate General for Haryana and Punjab, and Special Counsel for Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and Enforcement Directorate (ED).

Kanakamedala Ravindra Kumar: Senior Advocate and former Rajya Sabha Member of Parliament(MP) from Andhra Pradesh(AP) (2018–2024), with expertise in constitutional and Supreme Court matters.
About Anil Kaushik: He is a Senior Advocate with Supreme Court experience, former Additional Advocate General of Haryana, and currently Senior Counsel for Odisha and Madhya Pradesh(MP).

PV Sindhu Elected Chair of BWF Athletes’ Commission for 2026-2029
In December 2025, Two-time Olympic Medallist and 2019 World Champion Pusarla Venkata (P.V.) Sindhu has been elected Chair of the Badminton World Federation (BWF) Athletes’ Commission for a 3 year term (i.e. 2026-2029). In addition to that, Sindhu will also serve as a member of the BWF Council, lending a direct voice for players in the federation’s governance body.

• Sindhu succeeds Greysia Polii (Indonesia), who served as Chair of the commission for 2021-25 term.

Other Key Details:
Key Achievements: P. V. Sindhu is a two-time Olympic medallist (Rio 2016 – Silver, Tokyo 2020 – Bronze) and the 2019 World Champion, making her one of India’s most successful badminton players.
Previous Role in BWF: Sindhu has been associated with BWF Athletes’ Commission as its member since 2017. She has also been BWF Integrity Ambassador since 2020.
Other Members: She will be supported by Debora Jille (The Netherlands) who has been elected as Deputy Chair of the Commission for 2026-2029 term.

• Also, An Se Young (South Korea), Doha Hany (Egypt), and Jia Yi Fan (China) will serve as the other player representatives on the commission.

Other Key Appointment: Also, two-time Paralympian Chan Ho Yen Daniel from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China has been elected as Chair of the Para Badminton Athletes’ Commission for 2026-2029 term.

• Daniel has been serving as the interim Chair of Para Badminton Commission since April 2025.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

India Successfully Test Fires  ‘K-4’ Missile with 3,500 km Range from INS ArighaatIn December 2025, India successfully test-fired ‘K-4’, an intermediate-range Submarine-launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), from Indian Naval Ship (INS) Arighaat, India’s 2nd nuclear-powered submarine, in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, AP.

• With this test, India consolidates its position among a small group of countries that can fire a nuclear missile from land, air and undersea.

About K-4 SLBM:
Background: The missile was officially commissioned into the Indian Navy(IN) on August 29, 2024.
Eponymous:The K-4, also known as Kalam-4, named after Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, former President of India and the chief architect of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).
Developed by: The missile has been indigenously designed and developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)’s Armament and Combat Engineering (ACE) cluster, including:High Energy Material Research Laboratory (HEMRL); Research and Development Establishment (Engineers); and Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials (ACEM).

• It was manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Defence(MoD).

Key Enhancement: The missile derived from the Agni-III land-based ballistic missile, has been upgraded for underwater launch i.e. it uses a cold-launch system, in which it is expelled from the submarine silo using high-pressure gas before its rocket motor ignites into the atmosphere.
Key Specifications:

• Dimensions: The missile has length of nearly 10 to 12 metres (m) and diameter of 1.3 m. It weighs around 17 to 20 tonnes.
• Strike Range: The missile has a maximum strike range of nearly 3,500 kilometers (kms) that significantly enhances India’s sea-based nuclear strike capability.
• Nuclear Warhead: The missile, a two-stage solid-fuel system, has the capability  to carry a nuclear warhead weighing up to 2.5 tonnes.
• Advanced Guidance & Accuracy: The missile uses Global Positioning System (GPS) and Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)-based mid-course updates, performs 3-dimensional (3-D) manoeuvres to evade missile defences, and achieves high accuracy with a Circular Error Probability (CEP) of about 100 m.

About Bharat Dynamic Limited (BDL):
Chairman and Managing Director (CMD)- Commodore A. Madhavrao (Retired)
Headquarters- Hyderabad, Telangana
Established- 1970

ENVIRONMENT

ZSI Scientists Discover New Soil-dwelling Micro-arthropod Species ‘Neelus Sikkimensis’
In December 2025, scientists from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) announced the discovery of a new soil‑dwelling micro‑arthropod species, ‘Neelus sikkimensis’, in the high‑altitude regions of Sikkim, marking the first record of the genus Neelus in India.

• The finding was published in the Journal of the Entomological Research Society.

About Discovery of Neelus sikkimensis:
Research by: The research was carried out by the Apterygota Section of the ZSI, led by Dr Guru Pada Mandal, with scientist Kusumendra Kumar Suman as part of the team. 
Global Species: With this addition, the global count of species within the genus ‘Neelus’ now has risen to eight.
Features: It is a rare species of springtail (Collembola).The species is microscopic in size, lacks eyes and survives in complete darkness within soil and moss layers.

• Its most defining feature is a distinctive labral chaetotaxy, the specific arrangement of bristles on its mouthparts.

Ecological Importance: Collembola, commonly known as springtails, play a crucial ecological role in maintaining soil health by aiding organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, supporting terrestrial ecosystem balance.

IMPORTANT DAYS

Veer Bal Diwas 2025 – December 26Veer Bal Diwas is annually observed across India on 26th December to honor the martyrdom of the Sahibzadas – the four sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the 10th Sikh Guru, who sacrificed their lives in the 17th century.

• 2025 marks the 4th observance of Veer Bal Diwas.

Background:
Declaration: On 9th January 2022, during the Prakash Purab of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi announced that 26th December would be celebrated as ‘Veer Bal Diwas’.
1st Observance: The first-ever Veer Bal Diwas was observed on 26th December 2022.
2025 Event: 
Event: On December 26, 2025, the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD), observed Veer Bal Diwas at the national level to commemorate the courage, sacrifice, and exemplary values of India’s young heroes at at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi (Delhi).
Participants: Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi and Union Minister Annpurna Devi, MoWCD, were participated at the event.
Presentation of Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar(PMRBP) 2025: During the event, President of India Droupadi Murmu conferred the PMRBP 2025 on 20 children from 18 States and Union Territories (UTs) in recognition of their outstanding achievements in diverse fields.
Notable awardee: Bihar’s teenage batting prodigy, Vaibhav Suryavanshi, has been honoured with the PMRBP, India’s highest civilian award for children, following his stellar performance in the Vijay Hazare Trophy at the age of 14.
>>Read Full News

International Day of Epidemic Preparedness 2025– December 27The United Nations (UN)observes the International Day of Epidemic Preparedness annually across the world on 27 December to emphasise the importance of preventing, preparing for, and responding to epidemics.

• 27 December 2025 marks the 6th observance of the International Day of Epidemic Preparedness.

Background:
Adoption: On 7 December 2020, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted Resolution A/RES/75/27, officially declaring 27 December as the “International Day of Epidemic Preparedness”, to be observed annually.
First Observance: The International Day of Epidemic Preparedness was first observed on 27 December 2020.
About Epidemics:
Definition: An epidemic occurs when a large number of people or animals are simultaneously affected by the same disease within a specific geographic region.
Examples: The term typically applies to rapidly spreading diseases, such as influenza (flu), malaria (transmitted by insects), and cholera (spread through contaminated water).
Zoonotic Origins: Approximately 60% of human infectious diseases are zoonotic, with 75% of emerging infectious diseases originating from animals.
Impact: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the severe impacts of epidemics on human lives, social systems, and economies, reinforcing the critical importance of preparedness and coordinated global action.
Global Health Collaboration: International institutions, including World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), have established collaborative programs to protect global health.
Global Initiatives:
WHO Hub for Pandemic Intelligence: Founded in September 2021 in Berlin(Germany) with German support, the WHO Hub promotes collaborative surveillance to reduce the impact of pandemics and epidemics.
Flagship Global Health Strategies:

• Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) Strategy 2017–2026
• Ending Cholera: A Global Roadmap to 2030
• Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework
• Global Strategy for Influenza 2018–2030

About World Health Organization (WHO):
Director General (DG) – Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Establishment – 1948

STATE NEWS

Odisha Government Appoints Anu Garg as First Woman Chief Secretary
In December 2025, the Government of Odisha appointed Anu Garg, a senior Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, as the Chief Secretary(CS) of Odisha, making her the first woman to hold the state’s top bureaucratic position.

• The appointment will come into effect on 1 January 2026, following the retirement of incumbent CS Manoj Ahuja on 31 December 2025.

About Anu Garg:
Profile: Anu Garg, a 1991‑batch IAS officer of the Odisha cadre, brings over 30 years of experience in public administration.
Milestone: In February 2023, she became the first woman Development Commissioner of Odisha, the second-highest-ranked bureaucratic post in the state administration.
Key Roles: She has served as Joint Secretary in the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), the Ministry of Textiles(MoT), and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare(MoHFW).

• She has held key roles in Odisha, including Principal Secretary of the Labour and Women & Child Development Departments.

Committee member: She was a member of the High-Level Expert Group (HLEG) on Universal Health Coverage(UHC), constituted by the Planning Commission of India.
Previous Role: She served as Development Commissioner‑cum‑Additional CS, overseeing the Planning & Convergence and Water Resources Departments of Odisha.

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