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NATIONAL AFFAIRS
Annual Report on the Status of Tigers, Prey, and Other Mammals – 2024: NSTR Records 76 TigersAccording to the Annual Report on the Status of Tigers, Prey, and Other Mammals – 2024, the tiger population in the Nagarjuna Sagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR) in Andhra Pradesh (AP) has significantly increased, reaching 76 individuals, excluding 11 cubs. The report has been unveiled by Pawan Kalyan, Deputy Chief Minister (Dy CM) and Minister for Environment and Forests of AP.
- He also introduced the official logo of Nagaravanams, a project initiated by the Forest Department of AP to create urban green spaces resembling natural forests.
Points to Note:
i.Tiger monitoring is conducted as part of the All India Tiger Estimation (AITE), which occurs every four years.
ii.Additionally, NSTR management performs annual surveys using the Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status (M-STrIPES) application (app) and camera trapping, following guidelines set by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) based in New Delhi, Delhi and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) based in Uttarakhand.
Key Findings:
i.Tiger population evaluation is based on abundance (total tigers in a region) and density (tigers per area, considering distribution).
ii.One of the report’s priorities is prey density estimation, as an adequate prey population is vital for sustaining tigers.
iii.The report underscores AP’s crucial role in maintaining the largest continuous tiger habitat in the Eastern Ghats.
iv.Under the Nagaravanams initiative, 50 urban green spaces have been created, with 11 more sanctioned for 2024-25 and 12 proposals under review.
About Nagarjuna Sagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR):
NSTR is strategically located, connecting to the Seshachalam hill range in the south and the Amrabad Tiger Reserve in the northwest to northeast (Telangana). The reserve serves as a highly productive habitat for tigers.
- The NSTR spans approximately 5,443 square kilometers (sq. km), comprising a core area of 2,910 sq. km, which includes the Rajiv Gandhi and Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuaries, and a buffer area of 2,535 sq. km.
About Andhra Pradesh(AP):
Chief Minister (CM)– Nara Chandrababu Naidu
Governor– Syed Abdul Nazeer
Capital– Amaravati
National Park (NP)- Sri Venkateswara NP, Papikonda NP
GoI Approves Rs 11,440 Crore Revival Package for RINL
In March 2025, the Government of India(GoI) has approved an infusion of Rs 11,440 crore as equity and preferential capital in Visakhapatnam(Andhra Pradesh, AP) based Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL) to sustain its operations and ensure its continuity.
- This decision aligns with the objectives of the National Steel Policy, 2017, aimed at enhancing the efficiency and competitiveness of the steel sector.
- This financial infusion is expected to help RINL streamline its production processes, optimize resource utilization, and enhance its market position.
i.Key Details of the Revival Package:
- Rs 10,300 crore will be infused as fresh equity.
- Rs 1,140 crore of working capital loans will be converted into preferred share capital.
ii.RINL, a Navratna company under the Ministry of Steel(MoS), operates the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant(VSP), India’s first shore-based integrated steel plant.
iii.The plant specializes in producing long steel products, catering to sectors like construction, infrastructure, manufacturing, and automobiles.
BANKING & FINANCE
BoB Launches Baroda mDigiNext Mobile App to Enhance Corporate Cash ManagementIn March 2025, Vadodara (Gujarat) based Bank of Baroda (BoB), one of India’s leading Public Sector Bank (PSB), launched the’ Baroda mDigiNext’ mobile application (App), a dedicated cash management services app for its corporate customers using Baroda Cash Management Services (BCMS).
- The app aims to transform how businesses manage their working capital and cash flows, bringing in greater efficiencies and facilitating faster execution and ease of operations.
- This makes BoB one of the few banks in India to introduce an app exclusively designed to cater to corporate cash management needs.
About Baroda mDigiNext mobile app:
i.The app simplifies cash management for corporates by providing 24/7 access to advanced financial tools, helping them make quick and informed decisions to improve efficiency, convenience, and control over cash flow.
ii.Key Features:
- Creation and authorization of one-to-one transactions.
- Authorizing and rejecting bulk uploads.
- End-to-end transaction and workflow tracking.
- Real-time inquiries on transaction status.
- Access to account summaries and mini-statements.
- Consolidated dashboard for all group entities.
- Enhanced security with One Time Password (OTP) verification and 3-Factor Authentication (3FA).
iii.The app is currently available on Android platforms and will soon be launched on iPhone Operating System (iOS).
Note: According to the Ministry of Finance(MoF), India reported digital fraud losses of Rs.4,245 crore across 2.4 million incidents during the first 10 months (April–January) of the Financial Year 2024-25(FY25).
About Bank of Baroda (BoB):
Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Debadatta Chand
Headquarters – Vadodara (Gujarat)
Founded – 1908
RBI imposes monetary penalty on IDBI Bank & Citibank N.A
In March 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed penalties on Mumbai(Maharashtra) based IDBI Bank Limited, formerly known as Industrial Development Bank of India Limited (IDBI) and New York, the United States of America(USA) based Citibank N. A for violating rules under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999.
- This action is taken due to regulatory compliance deficiencies and does not question the validity of any transaction or agreement between the bank and its customers.
i.The RBI fined IDBI Bank a penalty of Rs 36,30,000 for failing to conduct due diligence while processing inward remittances from a Foreign Currency Account(FCA) opened by a constituent, leading to a violation of Section 10(4) of FEMA, 1999.
ii.The RBI fined Citibank N.A. a penalty of Rs 36,28,000 for the bank failing to comply with RBI’s guidelines on reporting transactions under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS), which permits Indian residents to remit funds abroad. The penalty was imposed under Section 11(3) of FEMA, 1999
AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS
Eminent Hindi Writer Vinod Kumar Shukla selected for 59th Jnanpith AwardIn March 2025, Renowned Hindi poet and novelist Vinod Kumar Shukla has been selected for the 59th Jnanpith Award(2024) for his remarkable contribution to Hindi literature. The announcement was made by a distinguished selection committee, chaired by Pratibha Rai, a previous Jnanpith awardee.
- With this award, he becomes the first writer from Chhattisgarh and the 12th Hindi author to receive this honor.
About Jnanpith Award:
i.The Jnanpith Award, established in 1961, is India’s highest literary honor, presented annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to recognize outstanding contributions to literature.
- The award is presented to authors who have made outstanding contributions to literature in any of the 22 officially recognized languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India.
ii.The recipient is awarded Rs 11 lakh, a bronze statue of Goddess Vagdevi, and a citation.
iii.The first-ever award was presented in 1965 to Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup.
- The 58th Jnanpith Award was conferred upon Sampooran Singh Kalra (known as Gulzar)and Jagadguru Rambhadracharya.
About Vinod Kumar Shukla:
i.Vinod Kumar Shukla’s literary career took off with the publication of his first poetry collection, Lagbhag Jai Hind , in 1971.
- His major novels include ‘Naukar Ki Kameez’. ‘Deewar Mein Ek Khidki Rahti Thi’ and ‘Khilega To Dekhenge’,
ii.Over the years, his works have earned widespread recognition and have been translated into several languages, including English, German, and Italian.
iii.He was honored with the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1999 for his book ‘Deewar Mein Ek Khirkee Rahati Thi’.
About Bharatiya Jnanpith:
Bharatiya Jnanpith is a literary and research organization committed to promoting Indian literature and scholarship.
Chairman– Pratibha Ray
Headquarters– New Delhi, Delhi
Founded – 1944
TN Wins National Award for Efficient Water Resource Management
In March 2025, the Tamil Nadu (TN) government’s Water Resources Department (WRD) was awarded the “Excellence in Integrated Water Resources Management, 2024” by the Central Board of Irrigation and Power (CBIP), a body under the Union government.
- This recognition acknowledges WRD for its exemplary efforts in managing water resources through the implementation of the Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation Project (TNIAMP), funded by the World Bank.
i.Launched in 2017, TNIAMP is a significant project designed to enhance the productivity and climate resilience of irrigated agriculture across 47 river sub-basin areas in TN..
ii.Key Achievements:
- Infrastructure Development: The project has successfully rehabilitated 2,626 tanks, 355 check dams, and 5,026 kilometers(km) of supply channels.
- Artificial Recharge Wells: A total of 94 artificial recharge wells have been constructed to replenish groundwater levels, addressing the issue of water scarcity in the region.
- Farmland Development: The project has developed 117,290 hectares of farmland, enabling farmers to adopt modern agricultural practices and increase crop yields.
iii.TNIAMP adopts a multidisciplinary strategy by collaborating with seven departments and three state universities, making it a model for sustainable water management.
APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS
GoI Appoints Rahul Bhave as MD & CEO of IFCI for three yearsIn March 2025, the Government of India (GoI) appointed Rahul Bhave as the Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of New Delhi (Delhi) based IFCI Limited (formerly Industrial Finance Corporation of India), under the Ministry of Finance (MoF) for a term of three years.
- He succeeds Manoj Mittal, who served as MD & CEO from June 2021 to July 2024 and is currently the Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) of Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI).
- The appointment was approved by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC), headed by Narendra Modi, Prime Minister (PM) of India.
About Rahul Bhave:
i.With over 25 years of experience in commercial banking, Rahul Bhave is a senior banker who has held various roles and served throughout India.
ii.Prior to this role, he served as Deputy Managing Director (DMD) of IFCI Limited from November 2023.
iii.From August 2020 to November 2023, he was the Executive Director (ED) at the National Housing Bank (NHB).
iv.He serves on the boards of IFCI Ltd., Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd., IFCI Venture Capital Funds Ltd., and IFCI Infrastructure Development Ltd.
iv.He also serves as the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of IFCI Social Foundation.
About IFCI Limited:
i.IFC is a Systemically Important Non-Deposit taking Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC-ND-SI) in the public sector.
ii.Established as India’s first development financial institution, IFCI supports industrial and infrastructure development. It also provides Government and Corporate Advisory services.
iii.It is the Project Management Agency (PMA) for various Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes under the “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiative by the GoI.
iv.It serves as the nodal agency for implementing the “Credit Enhancement Guarantee Scheme for Scheduled Castes (SC)” under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MSJE), aiming to promote entrepreneurship among the Scheduled Castes.
v.In November 2024, the Ministry of Finance (MoF) approved the consolidation of the IFCI Group, merging IFCI Ltd. with StockHolding Corporation of India Ltd. and other group companies.
Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Rahul Bhave
Headquarters – New Delhi (Delhi)
Established – 1948
MoL&J appoints Justice Harish Tandon as CJ of Orissa High Court
In March 2025, the Ministry of Law and Justice (MoL&J) has notified the appointment of Justice Harish Tandon as the Chief Justice (CJ) of the Orissa High Court (HC). The appointment was made under Article 217(1) of the Constitution of India by Smt. Droupadi Murmu, President of India.
- The position of CJ of the Orissa HC remained vacant after the retirement of Justice Chakradhari Sharan Singh on January 19, 2025.
- Justice Arindam Sinha has been serving as the Acting CJ during the interim period.
i.Justice Tandon has been serving as a judge in the Calcutta High Court since his appointment on April 13, 2010.
ii.He is currently ranked 7th in the All-India Seniority List of HC judges and is a senior puisne judge in the Calcutta HC.
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
GSL Launches 2nd Frigate ‘Tavasya‘ of Project 1135.6 for Indian NavyOn March 22, 2025, Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL), a leading defence shipyard based in Goa, India, launched ‘Tavasya’, the second frigate of Project 1135.6 (Yard 1259). This frigate was built 56% indigenously in India, marking a significant leap from the 25% indigenization seen in its foreign-built counterparts.
- The frigate is designed for multi-role operations, including air, surface, and subsurface combat, strengthening the Indian Navy’s (IN) presence and dominance in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- It aligns with India’s goal of achieving Rs. 50,000 crores in defence exports by 2029.
Features of Tavasya:
i.Tavasya, derived from the mace of Bhima in the Mahabharata, symbolizes the strength of the Indian Navy.
ii.The frigate measures 124.8 meters (m) in length, 15.2 m in width, and has a draught of 4.5 m.
iii.It has a displacement of approximately 3,600 tons and a top speed of 28 knots.
iv.It is equipped with stealth capabilities, BrahMos missile systems, torpedo launchers, and advanced sonar and sensor systems.
Background:
i.In October 2016, India and Russia signed a contract under an India-Russia Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) for four Krivak-class stealth frigates.
ii.Two of these ships were built in Russia and imported at a cost of USD 1 billion, while the remaining two ships are being constructed at India by GSL under a technology transfer agreement worth USD 500 million with ROSOBORONEXPORT (Russia) for materials and design assistance.
iii.Indian Naval Ship (INS) Tushil, the first Russian-built ship, was commissioned on 9th December 2024, and INS Tamal, the second Russian-built ship, is undergoing trials with commissioning expected by June 2025.
iv.The Ministry of Defence (MoD), Government of India (GoI) signed a contract with GSL on 25th January 2019 for the construction of two Project 1135.6 frigates.
- The first indigenous frigate, Triput, was launched on 23rd July 2024. And Tavasya is second.
About Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL):
Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) is a Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), Government of India (GoI).
Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) – Brajesh Kumar Upadhyay
Headquarters – Vasco da Gama (Goa)
Founded – 1957
Liquid Robotics & Sagar Defence Engineering Sign MoU to Manufacture ASVsIn March 2025, the United States of America (USA) based Liquid Robotics, a Boeing company, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Sagar Defence Engineering Private Limited, an Indian unmanned systems startup, to co-develop and co-produce Autonomous Surface Vessels (ASVs).
- This marks the first project by the USA company in partnership with an Indian startup, highlighting a milestone in US-India defence industrial cooperation.
i.The collaboration aims to enhance undersea domain awareness through manufacturing, system interoperability, ocean testing, and establishing Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) capabilities for the Wave Glider ASV platform.
ii.It supports the US-India Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA) initiative to expand industry partnerships and strengthen production capabilities across the Indo-Pacific region.
Note: In January 2025, India and the USA announced the first-of-its-kind partnership to co-produce Multi-Static Active (MSA) Sonobuoys. Ultra Maritime (UM) from the USA has teamed up with Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) from India to manufacture these systems in India for the Indian Navy (IN).
Paras Defence Secures Rs.142 crore Contract from CHESS to Develop Anti-Drone Laser System
In March 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Paras Defence and Space Technologies Limited has secured a contract worth Rs.142.31 crores from the Hyderabad (Telangana) based Centre for High Energy Systems & Sciences (CHESS), a division of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under the Ministry of Defence (MoD).
- The company will develop a Laser Source Module and integrate it with a Beam Control System (BCS) on a mobile platform for Anti-Drone and Anti-Missile applications, advancing high-power laser technology for modern warfare.
- The project is scheduled for completion in 24 months.
i.This makes Paras Defence the first Indian company to develop such an advanced system, boosting local innovation in defence technology.
ii.The Total Addressable Market (TAM) for high-power laser defence systems is estimated at Rs.25000 crore.
Bellatrix Aerospace & Astroscale Japan Partner for Space Debris Removal and In-Orbit Mobility
In March 2025, Bengaluru (Karnataka) based Bellatrix Aerospace Private Limited has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Aerospace Japan, a subsidiary of Astroscale Holdings Inc. based in Tokyo, Japan to enhance efforts in active debris removal, satellite servicing, and in-orbit mobility.
- This collaboration aims to promote a cleaner and safer space environment. The agreement seeks to explore opportunities for the growth of the Indian space industry and its further expansion within domestic markets.
i.Astroscale Japan, is at the forefront of developing advanced in-orbit servicing and space debris mitigation solutions. The company provides a variety of scalable services, including: Life extension of satellites, Space situational awareness, End-of-life disposal, Active debris removal
ii.Since March 2021, Astroscale has demonstrated proximity and docking operations through its End-of-Life Services by Astroscale-demonstration (ELSA-d) and Active Debris Removal by Astroscale-Japan (ADRAS-J) missions, with its spacecraft chosen for major space projects by global agencies and organizations.
iii.Bellatrix Aerospace completed three space missions in 2024, achieving space qualification for its Green Propulsion and Electric Propulsion-based Hall-Effect Thruster technologies, along with their subsystems.
SPORTS
McLaren’s Oscar Piastri Claims First F1 Chinese Grand Prix WinAustralia’s Oscar Jack Piastri, a Formula One (F1) driver for McLaren, claimed his first Chinese Grand Prix (GP) 2025 victory at the Shanghai International Circuit in Shanghai, China, by leading the race from pole position to the finish.
British racing driver Lando Norris (McLaren) claimed second place, making it a strong one-two result for McLaren. It also marks 50th such achievement for the team in F1 history.
Key Points:
i.British racing driver George Russell (Mercedes) finished third, earning Mercedes their 300th podium in F1.
ii.Dutch and Belgian racing driver Max Verstappen (Red Bull) managed to finish fourth in the race.
Rank | Name | Country | Brand |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Oscar Jack Piastri | Australia | McLaren |
2 | Lando Norris | United Kingdom | McLaren |
3 | George Russell | United Kingdom | Mercedes |
iii.Ferrari’s Charles Leclerc(Monaco), Lewis Hamilton (British), and Alpine’s Pierre Gasly(French) were disqualified after their cars were found below the minimum weight limit. Additionally, Hamilton, who won the Sprint Race on March 22, 2025 was penalized due to the skid block thickness on his car being below the permitted limit.
IMPORTANT DAYS
World Puppetry Day 2025 – 21 MarchWorld Puppetry Day (WPD) is annually observed on 21 March worldwide to promote and honour the ancient art of puppetry as an educational tool and global art form and recognise puppeteers from across the globe.
- The theme of the WPD 2025 is, “Robots, AI, and the Dream of the Puppet?“
The annual observance of the WPD is led by the oldest international theatre organisation in the world, UNIMA (Union Internationale de la Marionnette), a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) affiliated with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Background:
i.World Puppetry Day was launched in 2003 by the UNIMA, for uniting puppetry artists globally.
ii.The first-ever World Puppetry Day was observed on 21 March 2003.
Note: WPD is now observed worldwide through UNIMA’s National Centres and members.
About the UNion Internationale de la MArionnette (UNIMA):
President– Karen Smith
Headquarters– Charleville-Mézières, France
Established– 20 May 1929
>> Read Full News
Earth Hour 2025 – March 22The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) organizes Earth Hour, which is observed globally every year on the last or penultimate Saturday of March. It encourages individuals, communities, and businesses to switch off non-essential electric lights for one hour, from 8:30 pm to 9:30 pm, as a symbol of commitment to the planet.
- It aims to raise awareness about environmental issues, particularly climate change, and inspire collective action for a sustainable future.
Background:
i.Earth Hour was first launched by the WWF (formerly known as the World Wildlife Fund) and its partners in Australia in 2007 as a “lights off” initiative.
ii.The inaugural Earth Hour event took place on 31 March 2007 in Sydney, Australia, with over 2.2 million people and 2,000 businesses turning off their lights for one hour.
Note: In India, Earth Hour has been observed since 28th March 2009.
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF):
President & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Carter Roberts
Headquarters – Gland, Switzerland
Founded – 1961
>> Read Full News
World Water Day 2025 – March 22The United Nations (UN) World Water Day is observed annually across the globe on 22 March to highlight the importance of freshwater and address the global water crisis.
- The theme for World Water Day 2025 is ‘Glacier Preservation’.
Background:
i.Proposed during the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
ii.Officially adopted by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) via Resolution A/RES/47/193 in December 1992.
- The day was first observed on 22 March 1993.
Keypoints:
- The 2025 World Water Development Report (WWDR), titled ‘Water Towers: Mountains and Glaciers’, is published by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) under UN-Water.
- On World Water Day 2025, the Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS), in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the Government of Haryana, launched Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain (JSA:CTR) – 2025 in Panchkula, Haryana.
Shaheed Diwas or Martyrs’ Day 2025 – March 23 Shaheed Diwas or Martyrs’ Day is observed annually across India on 23rd March to commemorate the martyrdom of three iconic revolutionaries : Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar, who were executed by the British government in 1931 for their pivotal role in India’s freedom struggle.
- The day serves as a tribute to their courage, patriotism, and sacrifice, symbolizing the spirit of resistance against injustice.
Note: The Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS), under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports(MYAS), organizes nationwide events on Shaheed Diwas to educate youth about their legacy.
Background:
i.Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar, all members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), were dedicated to India’s fight for freedom.
ii.They were arrested for their role in the Lahore Conspiracy Case, which involved the assassination of British police officer John Saunders in 1928.
iii. On 23rd March 1931, the British government executed them by hanging at Lahore Central Jail (now located in Pakistan).
iv.Their martyrdom became a significant turning point in India’s freedom movement, inspiring countless others to join the fight for independence.
Other Noted Martyrs’ Days Observed in India:
i.30th January – Death Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi (1948):This day marks the tragic assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation, who was killed by Nathuram Godse in 1948.
ii.19th May – Language Martyrs’ Day or Bhasha Shahid Divas: This day commemorates the Bengali Language Movement, which took place between 1912 and 1956.
iii. 17th November – Death Anniversary of Lala Lajpat Rai (1928): Lala Lajpat Rai, a prominent leader in the Indian freedom struggle, succumbed to injuries inflicted by the police while protesting against the Simon Commission.
iv.19th November – Birth Anniversary of Rani Lakshmibai Rani Lakshmibai, the Queen of Jhansi, is remembered for her bravery and leadership during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
STATE NEWS
Zanskar Winter Sports and Tourism Festival 2024-25 Held in Ladakh
In March 2025, the Department of Youth Services & Sports, Union Territory (UT) of Ladakh, successfully organized the Zanskar Winter Sports and Tourism Festival 2024-25 at Atting Village, Zanskar (Ladakh).
- The festival brought together sports, culture, and tourism, offering visitors an opportunity to experience the unique winter heritage of Ladakh amidst the landscapes of Zanskar Valley.
i.The event was honored by the presence of Vikram Singh Malik, Administrative Secretary of Tourism, Culture, Youth Services & Sports, UT of Ladakh, as the chief guest (CG), and Punchok Tashi, Executive Councilor of Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council-Kargil (LAHDC-Kargil), as the guest of honor.
ii.The festival featured a variety of thrilling sports and cultural performances, including: Yoga on snow, Snow skiing competitions (short-distance, long-distance, and cross-country), Traditional archery, Yak and horse riding, Folk dance and music performances by students.
iii.The program showcased engaging cultural performances by several Ama Thoqspa groups, celebrating the vibrant cultural heritage of Zanskar.
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