Current Affairs 20, 21 & 22 October 2025

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NATIONAL AFFAIRS

Overview of Brazilian VP Geraldo Alckmin’s Visit to India from 15 to 17 October 2025The Vice President (VP) of Brazil and Minister of Development, Industry, Trade & Services, Geraldo Alckmin was on a three-day visit  to India from October 15 to 17, 2025 to strengthen the India-Brazil Strategic Partnership, and deepen collaboration in defence, energy, health, and technology.

• The visit also lays the groundwork for the visit of President of Brazil Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in 2026.

Highlight of Brazilian VP Geraldo Alckmin’s Visit to India :
Meetings: On October 16, 2025, VP Alckmin held a meeting with Union Minister Rajnath Singh, Ministry of Defence (MoD) in New Delhi. India formally proposed supplying the Akash surface-to-surface missile system to Brazil and discussed co-development and co-production of defence equipment.

• Co-Chaired a Trade Ministerial Review Meeting with Union Minister Piyush Goyal, Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I), aimed at strengthening the economic partnership and advancing negotiations to deepen the existing Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) between India-MERCOSUR bloc to increase bilateral trade from USD 12 billion in 2024 to USD 20 billion by 2030.

Business Forum: He inaugurated and addressed the India-Brazil Business Forum, organized jointly by the CII, FICCI, and CNI, in collaboration with MEA and Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services.
Agreement signed: Embraer Defence and Security of Brazil and Mahindra Group signed a Strategic Cooperation Agreement (SCA) to promote the C-390 Millenium aircraft for the Medium Transport Aircraft (MTA) program of Indian Air Force (IAF), in alignment with Government of India (GOI)’s vision of “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiative.
>>Read Full News

Govt Launched Rs 600 Crore ‘Kapas Kranti Mission’ to Promote High-Yield, Long Staple Cotton CultivationIn October 2025, the Government of India(GoI) launched the Rs 600 crore ‘Kapas Kranti Mission’ to promote high-yield, long-staple cotton cultivation in key regions like Akola, Maharashtra and Telangana, leveraging scientific and technological interventions, including High-Density Planting (HDP) methods.

• The announcement was made by Union Minister Gangapuram (G.) Kishan Reddy, Ministry of Coal and Ministry of Mines (MoM), during a press conference held in Kavadiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana.

Other Key Announcements:
Procurement of Cotton:  Union Minister G.Kishan Reddy further announced that the Cotton Corporation of India (CCI) will start the cotton procurement process from October 21 to 24, 2025 at 122 procurement centres in Telangana.

• The government has established committees at each procurement centre. These committees led by District Collectors (DCs) and comprising officials, police, revenue officers, and farmer representatives, will address grievances and prevent exploitation.

Kapas Kisan App: Additionally, a dedicated mobile application (app) ‘Kapas Kisan App’ will also be launched.

• The app will enable the farmers to locate their nearest procurement centre and book time slots for selling cotton produce, eliminating middlemen and ensuring transparency.

Cotton Procurement: The procurement of cotton through CCI has increased significantly from 173 lakh bales worth Rs 24, 825 crore(from 2004-14) to 473 lakh bales worth Rs 1.37 lakh crore (from 2014-24).

• He further highlighted that GoI has spent Rs 58,000 crore and Rs 8,000 crore in Telangana  and Andhra Pradesh (AP) respectively on cotton procurement over the last decade.

MSP : Over the last 10 years, the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for cotton has doubled i.e. from Rs 4,050 per quintal (in 2014) to Rs 8,110 per quintal (in 2024).
About Cotton Corporation of India Limited (CCI):
It is a Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) which works under the control of the Ministry of Textiles (MoT).
Chairman and Managing Director (CMD)- Lalit Kumar Gupta
Headquarters- Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established- 1970

GoI Notified Notaries (Amendment) Rules, 2025; Increased Notary Limit in 4 StatesOn 17 October 2025, the Department of Legal Affairs (DLA), under the Ministry of Law and Justice (MoLJ), notified the Notaries (Amendment) Rules, 2025 through 763rd General Statutory Rule issued in the Extraordinary Gazette of India (G.S.R. 763(E)), exercising powers under Section 15 of the Notaries Act, 1952 (53 of 1952).

• The amendment revises the maximum number of Notaries that may be appointed by the State Governments of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu (TN), Rajasthan, and Nagaland under the Notaries Rules, 1956.

About Notaries:
Definition: A Notary is a public official appointed by the government to perform legal certification duties.
Key Functions:

• Verify, authenticate, and certify legal documents.
• Witness signatures on official papers.
• Administer oaths and affirmations.

Revised Notary Limits:

>>Read Full News

NITI Aayog and DP World Launches ‘We Rise’ Initiative to Empower Women Entrepreneurs
In October 2025, NITI (National Institution for Transforming India) Aayog’s Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) in collaboration with United Arab Emirates(UAE) based DP World, launched the joint initiative ‘We Rise – Women Entrepreneurs Reimagining Inclusive and Sustainable Enterprises’ under the aegis of WEP’s Award to Reward (ATR) programme.

About ‘We Rise’ Initiative:
Objective: To empower women-led Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India by enabling them to expand globally through trade facilitation, mentorship, and strategic partnerships.
Entrepreneur Identification: The programme identifies and mentors women entrepreneurs with high growth potential to help them scale their businesses internationally.
Global Logistics Support: DP World will leverage its global logistics network to enhance the export readiness of 100 selected women entrepreneurs.
Market Access: Selected entrepreneurs will have the opportunity to showcase their products at Bharat Mart in Dubai(UAE), located within the Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza), providing access to international buyers.
ATR Initiative: Launched in 2023, institutionalises WEP’s partnership framework to foster scalable collaborations and celebrate the success stories of women entrepreneurs across India.

MoAFW Revises Guidelines for PDMC Scheme to Foster Micro-IrrigationIn October 2025, the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (DoAFW), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (MoAFW), revised the guidelines for ‘Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) scheme’, with an aim to promote efficient water use and raise the income of farmers.

• The revised guidelines enable more flexibility for States and Union Territories (UTs) to take up micro-level water storage and conservation projects under the “Other Interventions” (OI) category.

About Revised Guidelines for PDMC Scheme:
Unlimited Funding: Under the revised guidelines, States and UTs can plan local water management works such as diggi construction and water harvesting systems based on local needs.

• These systems can be developed for individual farmers as well as community use, ensuring sustainable water availability for micro-irrigation.

Old guideline: Earlier, the funding on such projects was capped at 20% of total funds for states and UTs, and 40% for Northeastern States, Himalayan states, Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), and Ladakh.

• With this move, the revised rules remove these limits, enabling States and UTs to use funds more freely.

About PDMC Scheme:

Overview: It is a key component of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), and a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), launched by the MoAFW on July 1, 2015, to promote efficient water use in agriculture through the promotion of micro-irrigation, ensuring the principle of “More Crop per Drop”.
Objective: To promote micro-irrigation technologies, encourage precision farming, enhance productivity and income, promote water conservation, and support diversification.
Features: The scheme covers installation of drip and sprinkler systems, with different patterns for states with high/low penetration, and for Northeastern and Himalayan states. Under the scheme, states prepare Annual Action Plans (AAPs) under District Irrigation Plan and State Irrigation Plan frameworks.

• The scheme lays emphasis on convergence with other schemes, technology adoption, geo-tagging, monitoring, and Quality Control (QC).

About the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (MoAFW):
Union Minister – Shivraj Singh Chouhan (Constituency – Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, MP)
Ministers of State (MoS) – Ram Nath Thakur (Rajya Sabha – Bihar), Bhagirath Choudhary (Constituency – Ajmer, Rajasthan)

IndiaAI and WHO Launched Global Call for Abstracts on AI in Health
In October 2025, the IndiaAI Mission under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), announced a global call for abstracts on impactful applications(app) of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in health systems.

About Global Call for AI in Health Abstracts:
Objective: To identify and document real-world AI health solutions that can be replicated and scaled across developing countries.
Submission Details: The initiative invites researchers, innovators, and institutions from across the Global South to submit a 250-word abstract highlighting a successful AI-based health solution by 31st October 2025 through the official portal https://impact.indiaai.gov.in/events/who;

• Shortlisted participants will later submit a detailed chapter (2,500–3,000 words) outlining the AI solution, deployment strategy, ethical considerations, and achieved outcomes by 15th December 2025.

Casebook: The Casebook, set to be launched at the India–AI Impact Summit 2026 in New Delhi, Delhi in February 2026, will document real-world, scalable AI healthcare solutions to promote responsible adoption and provide global recognition and collaboration opportunities.

Codex Standards Finalized for Vanilla, Coriander, Large Cardamom at CCSCH-8 in Guwahati, Assam
In October 2025, the 8th session of the Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs (CCSCH-8) in Guwahati, Assam, finalized the Codex standards for Vanilla, Coriander (dried seeds), and Large Cardamom, bringing the total number of global spice standards developed by CCSCH to 19.

• The session, organized by the Spices Board of India under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I), was held from October 13 to 17, 2025.

Codex Standards:
Vanilla: It covers cured vanilla beans and products from Vanilla planifolia and Vanilla tahitensis, defining types, quality parameters, and hygiene norms to ensure uniform quality and fair trade for producers, including India, Madagascar, and Indonesia.
Coriander: It applies to whole dried seeds of Coriandrum sativum L. used as a spice. It sets quality grades based on purity, aroma, and moisture, limits extraneous matter and defective seeds, and includes sampling and testing methods.
Large Cardamom: It applies to dried capsules of Amomum subulatum Roxb, defining standards for capsule size, color, oil content, and purity limits to ensure quality and promote exports from Sikkim, Darjeeling, Bhutan, and Nepal.
About 8th CCSCH:
Host: CCSCH-8 was hosted by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) under the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC).
Participation: It includes over 30 member countries, international organizations, and spice trade associations.

BANKING & FINANCE

Ageas Federal Life Partners with CSB Bank for New SME Bancassurance
In October 2025, Ageas Federal Life Insurance Company Limited (AFLIC) partnered with CSB Bank Limited in a Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) Bancassurance tie-up to provide life insurance solutions to SMEs and individual entrepreneurs across India.

Key Details Of Partnership:
Aim: The collaboration aims to make insurance more accessible to the SME sector, leveraging the wide network of branches and customer base of CSB Bank.
Objective: The primary objective is to offer comprehensive protection to SMEs and individual entrepreneurs, safeguarding their business continuity, wealth, and family financial security.
Role of Entities: Under the agreement, the customers of CSB, particularly SMEs and individual entrepreneurs, will be offered life-insurance products developed by AFLIC.

• CSB Bank will integrate the insurance offerings into its suite of financial services products such as loans, business credit lines, etc.

AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

Global Fintech Awards 2025 Celebrate Trailblazers Redefining the Global Fintech LandscapeIn October 2025, the 4th edition of Global Fintech Awards (GFA 2025) were announced during the Global Fintech Fest(GFF 2025) held at  Jio World Centre (JWC) in Mumbai(Maharashtra), honoring outstanding trailblazers for their exceptional contributions to the fintech ecosystem.
About GFA 2025:
Organised by: The award was organised jointly by Payments Council of India (PCI) and Fintech Convergence Council (FCC)
Categories: The awards were given in two main fields i.e. Excellence in Banking Tech, and Excellence in FinTech.

• Also, some awards were given under the category ‘Special Fintech Achievements’.

Key Winners: Under the ‘Special Fintech Achievements’ category, Yubi was named the Fintech Startup of the Year.

• Also, Upasana Taku, Co-founder and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of MobiKwik, was honoured with the ‘Fintech Person of the Year-Female’ award; and Yashish Dahiya, Chairman of PB Fintech won the ‘Fintech Person of the Year-Male’ award.

>>Read Full News

APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

Shantha Rangaswamy Elected as First Woman President of ICA
In October 2025, former India women’s cricket captain Shantha Rangaswamy was elected President of the Indian Cricketers’ Association (ICA), becoming the first woman to lead the organization.

• She has previously served as a representative of the ICA on the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) Apex Council.

ICA 2025–28 Office Bearers: 
The ICA, which represents retired Indian cricketers, also appointed,
President & Director: Shantha Rangaswamy
Secretary & Director: Venkat Sundaram
Treasurer & Director: Deepak Jain
Member Representatives & Directors:  Jyoti G. Thatte, Santhosh Subramoniam
ICA Male Representative to BCCI Apex Council: V. Chamundeswaranath
ICA Female Representative to BCCI Apex Council: Sudha Shah
ICA Representative to Indian Premier League (IPL) Governing Council: Shubhangi Kulkarni (2025–2026)
About Shantha Rangaswamy:
Career: First captain of the India women’s cricket team; led India to its first-ever Test win against West Indies in Patna in 1976.
Record: First Indian woman to score a Test century (108 against New Zealand, 1977)
Awards: First woman cricketer to receive the Arjuna Award (1976) for her achievements in cricket; BCCI Lifetime Achievement Award for Women (2017).
Post-Retirement Contributions: Coach, selector, and television commentator; mentor to future generations of female cricketers.

ACQUISITIONS & MERGERS

Emirates NBD Acquired 60% Stake in RBL Bank in Record FDI Deal
In October 2025, Emirates NBD Bank, the second-largest bank in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), acquired a 60% stake in RBL Bank through a preferential issue of shares worth Rs 26,850 crore (approximately USD 3 billion).

• The deal marks the largest foreign direct investment (FDI) in India’s financial sector and will make Emirates NBD the controlling shareholder of RBL Bank, subject to regulatory approvals from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

Acquisition Details:
Preferential Issue: Approximately 95.91 crore shares to be acquired at Rs 280 per share. Emirates NBD will become the controlling shareholder of RBL Bank
.Open Offer: Emirates NBD will make an open offer to acquire an additional 26% stake from public shareholders at Rs 280 per share.
Record Investment: Largest investment ever by a Middle Eastern bank in India.
Global Banking Alignment: Acquisition aligns with global banking trends and strengthens UAE-India financial cooperation.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

CSL Launches 6th ASWC SWC ‘INS ‘Magdala’ in Kochi, KeralaIn October 2025, the Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) launched the ‘Indian Naval Ship (INS) Magdala(BY 528)’, 6th in the series of eight indigenously built Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) designed for Indian Navy (IN), at its facility in Kochi, Kerala.

• The vessel was formally launched by Renu Rajaram, spouse of Vice Admiral Rajaram Swaminathan, Controller of Warship Production and Acquisition (CWP&A), in the presence of senior officials from the IN and CSL.
• Besides INS Magdala, CSL also launched two more vessels: a Crew Support Offshore Vessel (CSOV) for M/s Pelagic Wind Services, Cyprus, and India’s largest indigenously manufactured DCI Dredge Godavari, for M/s Dredging Corporation of India (DCI), Mumbai(Maharashtra).

About INS Magdala (BY 528):
Developed by: INS Magdala, indigenously designed and built by Cochin Shipyard Limited, features over 80% indigenous content, supporting India’s ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative and enhancing naval self-reliance.
Specifications: 78 meter (m) long, 896-tonne vessel is capable of achieving maximum speed of 25 knots and has an endurance of 1,800 nautical miles.
Armaments: The ship is equipped with advanced underwater sensors, lightweight torpedoes, ASW rockets and mine-laying capability, is expected to enhance coastal anti-submarine warfare.
>>Read Full News

ENVIRONMENT

Six New Odonate Species Discovered in Silent Valley National Park, KeralaIn October 2025, Six new species of dragonflies and damselflies (odonates) have been discovered in Silent Valley National Park, Kerala, during a three-day odonate survey jointly organised by the Silent Valley National Park and the Society for Odonate Studies (SOS) from October 10 to 12, 2025.
Key Findings:
Survey Findings: A collaborative survey was conducted across 12 campsites by volunteers, forest staff, and the Society for Odonate Studies recorded 83 odonate species in Silent Valley National Park, including six newly reported species previously unrecorded in the area.
6 Newly Discovered Species:

• Long-legged Clubtail (Merogomphus longistigma)
• Fraser’s Torrent Hawk (Macromia irata)
• Dark Daggerhead (Macromidia donaldi)
• Blue-necked Reedtail (Protosticta mortoni)
• Wayanad Torrent Dart (Euphaea wayanadensis)
• Black and Yellow Bambootail (Elattoneura tetrica)

New Hairy Snail Species Discovered in Maharashtra:
In October 2025, researchers from Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, in collaboration with Dr. Dinarzarde Raheem of Rajarata University, Sri Lanka, discovered a new species of land snail in the semi-evergreen Tilari forest, Kolhapur district, Maharashtra.

• The species has been named Lagocheilus hayaomiyazakii species nova (sp. nov.) (new species), commonly known as the Tilari hairy snail, in honour of Hayao Miyazaki, Japanese animator and co-founder of Studio Ghibli.
• The research findings were published in the Journal of Conchology by the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

>>Read Full News

OBITUARY

Nobel Laureate and Physics Pioneer Chen-Ning Yang Passed AwayIn October 2025, Chen-Ning Yang, the renowned Chinese-American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate, passed away at the age of 103 in Beijing, China. He was born on September 22, 1922, in Hofei, Anhwei, China.

• Chen-Ning Yang, along with Tsung-Dao Lee, won the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering parity violation in weak nuclear interactions, becoming the first Chinese-born Nobel laureate.

About Chen-Ning Yang:
Academic Journey :In 1946, at the end of the Sino-Japanese War, he travelled to the United States of America(USA), a fellowship from Tsinghua and studied at the University of Chicago(USA), where he worked under Italian physicist Enrico Fermi, inventor of the world’s first nuclear reactor.

• During this period, he collaborated with Tsung-Dao Lee on groundbreaking research that challenged fundamental principles of nuclear physics.

Career Highlights: He held faculty positions in the USA at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study, founded the Institute for Theoretical Physics at Stony Brook University, and later returned to China in 1999 to continue his academic work at Tsinghua University, Beijing.
Scientific Achievements: He also co-developed the ‘Yang-Mills Non-Abelian Gauge Theory’ with Robert Mills, a cornerstone of modern quantum field theory that profoundly influenced the Standard Model of particle physics.

• His pioneering research reshaped the landscape of particle physics and theoretical science globally.

Awards: He received the Albert Einstein Commemorative Award in 1957 and was also awarded an honorary doctorate by Princeton University in 1958.

IMPORTANT DAYS

World Menopause Day 2025 – October 18World Menopause Day is observed every year on October 18th to raise awareness about menopause and support options for women’s health.
Theme:
2025 Theme : “Lifestyle Medicine in Menopausal Health”
Focus: This year’s theme highlights how simple daily habits, can support health and well-being during and after menopause.

Background:
Founding: As a global, non-profit organisation, the International Menopause Society (IMS) has been leading the way in mid-life women’s health since 1978.
Creation: The IMS founded World Menopause Day in 2009 to raise awareness of menopause and improve the experience of women around the world.
First observance: The first official World Menopause Day was held on October 18, 2009.
About Menopause:
Neglected: Menopause remains one of the most overlooked areas of women’s health.
Barriers : Stigma and misconceptions continue to limit access to proper care.
Timing: It typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55.
Symptoms: Hot flashes, sleep disturbances, weight gain, brain fog, and anxiety are common.
Risks:Hormonal changes can increase the likelihood of serious long-term health issues.

World Osteoporosis Day 2025 – October 20World Osteoporosis Day (WOD) is observed every year across the globe on October 20 to raise global awareness of the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Osteoporosis and metabolic bone disease.
Theme:
2025 theme: “It’s Unacceptable!”
Focus:This year’s campaign focuses on the millions of people who suffer from fragility fractures yet remain undiagnosed and untreated.

Background:
Origin: WOD was launched in 1996 by the UK’s National Osteoporosis Society.

• The campaign was backed by the European Commission.

Formation:In 1998, European Foundation for Osteoporosis (EFFO) and the International Federation of Societies on Skeletal Diseases (IFSSD) merged to create the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF).
First Event: The first WOD was observed on October 20, 1996.
Support :WOD is a worldwide initiative supported by IOF member societies.

• In 1998 and 1999, World Health Organization (WHO), co-sponsored WOD.

About Osteoporosis:
Definition:Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and fragile.
Risk: Weakened bones increase fracture risk even from minor incidents.
Causes:Ageing, hormonal changes (especially after menopause), poor nutrition, and inactivity contribute to osteoporosis.
Symptoms:Called a “silent disease” because symptoms usually appear only after fractures, often in the hip, spine, or wrist.
About International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF):
President – Professor Nicholas Harvey
Headquarters – Nyon, Switzerland
Established – 1998

National Solidarity Day 2025 – October 20National Solidarity Day is observed every year on October 20 in India to honour soldiers who died in the 1962 Indo-China War, which started on October 20, 1962, and ended on November 21, 1962.

• October 20, 2025, marks the 63rd anniversary of the war.

Background: 
Declaration: In 1966, a committee appointed by the then Prime Minister(PM) Indira Gandhi declared October 20 as National Solidarity Day.
First Observance: The first National Solidarity Day was observed on October 20, 1966.
About 1962 Indo-China War: Sino-Indian War: The conflict between India and China centered on the disputed Aksai Chin region.
War Regions: The 1962 war occurred in Ladakh (Aksai Chin) and Arunachal Pradesh.
End of Conflict: China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 20 November 1962 and withdrew to pre-war positions, known as the Line of Actual Control.
Outcome: The war was a defeat for the Indian Armed Forces.

• Around 7,000 Indian soldiers were killed or captured.
• India lost part of Aksai Chin, and Assam’s lowlands were left exposed to invasion.

Param Vir Chakra: Major Shaitan Singh (posthumous), Major Dhan Singh Thapa, and Subedar Joginder Singh (posthumous) won the Param Vir Chakra(PVC) , India’s highest military decoration.

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