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NATIONAL AFFAIRS
NITI Aayog Released Policy Report on “Expanding Quality Higher Education through States & State Public Universities”
In February 2025, National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) released a policy report titled ‘Expanding Quality Higher Education through States and State Public Universities’, a first-of-its kind policy document in the higher education sector focused specifically on states and State Public Universities (SPUs).
- The report provides detailed quantitative examination on important indicators of Quality, Funding & Financing, Governance and Employability over the last 10 years across the themes.
i.The report is prepared in consultations with state government officers of Higher and Technical Education departments from more than 20 states and Union Territories (UTs), Vice Chancellors (VCs), and senior academicians of 50 SPUs, and heads of State Higher Education Councils (SHECs).
ii.Considering higher education expenditure as a percentage of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), Bihar ranks highest at 1.56%, followed by Jammu and Kashmir(J&K) at 1.53% and Manipur at 1.45%.
- The mean per youth expenditure on HE rose from Rs.2,174 to Rs.4,921 between 2005-06 and 2019-20.
iii.As per the report, India has 495 SPUs, accounting 81% of the total student enrolment among Indian HEIs. States with highest number of SPUs are: Karnataka (43), followed by WB and UP with 38 each.
About National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – B.V.R. Subrahmanyam
Headquarters- New Delhi, Delhi
Established – 2015
>> Read Full News
PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Completed One Year
On February 13 2025, the Prime Minister Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSGMBY), the world’s largest domestic rooftop solar initiative marked its 1st anniversary, celebrating the year of empowering households with affordable solar energy and boosting India’s transition to a sustainable future.
- The scheme was launched by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi on February 13, 2024. It is being implemented by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
ii.The scheme aims to provide free electricity of 300 units per month to 1 crore households in India by March 2027.
- The rooftop solar installations will be implemented in a phased manner, expected to cross 10 lakh by March 2025, 20 lakh by October 2025, and reach 40 lakh by March 2026.
iii.As of January 2025, Gujarat topped among all states in terms of highest number households benefitted from the scheme, accounted 41.47% of the total number of households, followed by Maharashtra (22.79%), Uttar Pradesh (UP) (8.69%), Kerala (7.73%), and Rajasthan (3.14%).
About Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE):
Union Minister – Pralhad Joshi(Dharwad, Karnataka)
Minister of State(MoS) – Shripad Naik(Constituency – North Goa, Goa)
>> Read Full News
DPIIT Mandates QCOs for Stainless Steel Seamless Pipes & Tubes from August 2025
On February 10, 2025, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoC&I) issued the ‘Stainless Steel Pipes and Tubes (Quality Control) Order, 2025’ mandating quality standards for stainless steel seamless pipes and tubes, effective from August 1, 2025.
- The order aims to prevent the import of sub-standard goods, promote domestic manufacturing, curb unfair trade practices, and ensure the safety of consumers.
About Stainless Steel Pipes and Tubes (Quality Control) Order, 2025:
i.Mandatory BIS mark: Stainless steel seamless pipes and tubes for general service cannot be produced, sold, traded, imported, or stocked unless they bear the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) mark.
- This order does not apply to goods or articles manufactured domestically for export.
ii.Exemption for R&D Imports: Manufacturers of stainless steel pipes and tubes are permitted to import up to 500 kilograms (kg) of goods per year for research and development (R&D) activities. This allowance is subject to the condition that the imported goods are not used for commercial sale and can only be disposed of as scrap
iii.Penalty: Violation of the BIS Act 2016 can result in up to two years of imprisonment or a fine of at least Rs 2 lakh for the first offence. For second and subsequent offences, the fine increases to a minimum of Rs 5 lakh, or up to 10 times the value of the goods.
About Quality Control Order (QCO):
i.Under the BIS Act, 2016, the DPIIT has been issuing QCOs, making the specified products subject to mandatory BIS certification. These QCOs are issued in compliance with the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.
ii.After the QCO takes effect, no one can manufacture, import, distribute, sell, store, or display for sale any covered product without a valid BIS certification and standard mark.
iii.DPIIT providing QCO since 1987, covers 81 orders for over 330 products under the BIS Act, including items like cement, LPG gas stoves, pressure cookers, air conditioners, and refrigerators.
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
Corruption Perceptions Index 2024: India ranks 96; Denmark Tops
On February 11 2025, Berlin(Germany)-based International Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), Transparency International(TI) released its ‘2024 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2024)’ which evaluated the perceived levels of public sector corruption across 180 countries.
- According to the 2024 CPI Report, India ranks 96th out of 180 countries with a score of 38, marking a decline from its 2023 position, where India ranked 93rd with a score of 39. India’s score and rank was shared by Gambia and Maldives.
- Denmark tops the 2024 CPI, for the 7th consecutive time with a score of 90, followed by Finland(88) and Singapore(84).
i.The 2024 CPI highlights that about 85% of the world (about 6.8 billion people) live in countries with high corruption.
ii.South Sudan ranked 180th (score 8), Somalia at 179th (score 9),Venezuela at 178th (score 10) and Syria at 177th (score 12) are the most corrupt nations, ranking at the bottom.
About Transparency International(TI):
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Maíra Martini
Headquarters– Berlin, Germany
Established– 1993
>> Read Full News
BANKING & FINANCE
SEBI Launched MITRA platform to Help Investors Trace Inactive Mutual Fund Folios
On February 2025, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) launched a new digital platform, Mutual Fund Investment Tracing and Retrieval Assistant (MITRA). The new platform is designed to help investors in tracking and reclaiming inactive or unclaimed Mutual Fund (MF) folios.
- This platform was introduced through a circular issued by SEBI in exercise of the powers given under Section 11(1) of the SEBI Act 1992, read with provision of Regulation 77of SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulation, 1996, to protect the interest of the investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market.
i.As per SEBI circular, the platform will assist with the investments that may have been forgotten, lost or left unclaimed due to outdated Know Your Customer (KYC) details or the demise of the original investor.
ii.The platform will be jointly hosted by two Qualified Registrar and Transfer Agents (QRTAs) i.e. Chennai (Tamil Nadu, TN)-based Computer Age Management Services Limited (CAMS) and Hyderabad (Telangana)-based KFin Technologies Limited. Both these QRTAs will act as agents of Asset Management Companies (AMCs).
iii.SEBI has mandated SEBI-registered brokers to setup a separate business unit (SBU) to trade in Government Securities (G-secs) through the Negotiated Dealing System Order Matching (NDS-OM).
>> Read Full News
SIDBI & AFD Sign USD 100 million Agreement to Boost Green Finance for Indian MSMEs
On February 12 2025, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (UP) based Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) and Paris (France) based French Development Agency (Agence Française de Développement, AFD) signed a USD 100 million Credit Facility Agreement (CFA) to enhance green finance solutions for India’s Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
- This collaboration aims to support sustainable growth and facilitate the transition towards a low-carbon economy by providing affordable financing.
Key Points:
i.The AFD will provide a credit line of USD 100 million to SIDBI to deploy the funds to expand access to affordable financing for MSMEs investing in energy-efficient technologies, renewable energy solutions, and climate-friendly business practices.
ii.Green Finance: This collaboration focuses on green finance, which refers to financing that supports projects or businesses working to reduce their environmental impact.
iii.Low-carbon Economy: The aim is to help businesses shift to a low-carbon economy that produces fewer greenhouse gases and relies more on renewable energy.
iv.MSMEs have a vital role to play in India’s commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2070 and this initiative also complements the work on the Greening Indian Financial System (GIFS) Platform.
v.The GIFS Platform focuses on integrating sustainability and a climate perspective into the strategies of Indian financial stakeholders.
vi.This partnership underscores the growing importance of sustainable finance in driving inclusive economic growth.
About Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI):
Chairman & Managing Director (MD) – Manoj Mittal
Headquarters– Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (UP)
Established– 1990
About French Development Agency (Agence Française de Développement, AFD):
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)– Rémy Rioux
Headquarters– Paris, France
Established– 1941
SFBs Received RBI Approval to Offer Credit Lines on UPI
In February 2025, Small Finance Banks (SFBs) received the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approval ) to provide pre-sanctioned credit lines through the Unified Payments Interface (UPI). This move, effective from February 12, 2025, aligns with the RBI’s December 2024 announcement during the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting.
- UPI, India’s real-time payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), previously allowed transactions via savings accounts, overdrafts, prepaid wallets, and credit cards.
- The RBI has now expanded this to include pre-sanctioned credit lines issued by SFBs, enabling instant access to credit for individuals and small businesses.
- The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is a digital payment tool that can help achieve the goals of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) and promote equitable economic growth.
Background:
In September 2023, RBI expanded the scope of UPI by enabling pre-sanctioned credit lines to be linked through UPI.However, this feature was limited to commercial banks, excluding Payments Banks, Small Finance Banks (SFBs), and Regional Rural Banks(RRBs).
Transparent Credit Access
i.Customers must provide explicit consent before availing credit lines, ensuring transparency. Terms such as credit limits, interest rates, and repayment tenure are determined by individual SFBs under their board-approved policies.
ii.The facility aims to serve ‘new-to-credit’ (NTC) customers, including farmers, small entrepreneurs, and rural businesses, reducing reliance on informal lenders charging exorbitant rates.
iii.It is required for customers to review the terms and conditions of the credit lines before opting-in.
About Small Finance Banks (SFBs):
i.These are the financial institutions (FIs) that provide financial services to the unserved and unbanked regions of the country.
ii.SFBs are established as a private limited company under the Companies Act, 2013 and regulated by the provisions of RBI Act, 1934 and Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
iii.Initially, there were 12 Small Finance Banks (SFBs) operating in India.In April 2024, RBI approved the merger of Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based Fincare SFB with Jaipur (Rajasthan)-based AU Small Finance Bank Limited. Now, there are 11 SFBs operating in India.
Axis Bank Launches New Mobile App Feature for Easy FD Booking
On February 11 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra) based Axis Bank Limited, one of the largest private sector banks in India, launched a first-of-its-kind feature allowing customers to open Fixed Deposits (FDs) with its mobile application (app).
- Axis Bank is the first private sector bank to introduce this new-age banking feature powered by the Account Aggregator (AA) system, allows users to seamlessly transfer funds from non-Axis bank accounts using Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and Internet Banking (IB).
- It allows customers to digitally invest in FD with Axis Bank, offering attractive interest rates and better returns.
i.Axis Bank’s Existing-to-Bank (ETB) customers with valid Know Your Customer (KYC) can open FD accounts, even if their primary funds are held in a different bank.
- It replaces the traditional process of transferring funds to an Axis Bank savings account before opening an FD.
ii.The FD will be processed once the payment is successfully completed and the funds are received from the payment gateway service provider.
Note: The Account Aggregator (AA) ecosystem is a digital system that lets individuals securely access and share their financial information from one institution to another within the AA network.
ECONOMY & BUSINESS
AMSL Inks MoU with MIL & TCL for Advanced Defence Solutions
In February 2025, Hyderabad (Telangana)- based Apollo Micro Systems Limited (AMSL) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Pune (Maharashtra)- based Munitions India Limited (MIL) under the Ministry of Defence (MoD).
- It aims to design, develop, and deploy advanced defence systems for domestic and international markets.
i.AMSL has also entered into a MoU with Kanpur (Maharashtra) based Troop Comforts Limited (TCL) under MoD to jointly develop, manufacture and market next-generation air defence systems, including anti-drone and anti-aircraft solutions.
ii.These partnership aims to address the current and future needs of the Indian Defence Forces, paramilitary forces, police organizations, central and state government agencies, the civil sector, and international export markets.
Note: AMSL, established in 1985, manufactures advanced electronic and electro-mechanical solutions for industries such as infrastructure, transportation, aerospace, and defence.
AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS
Asia’s 20 Richest Families 2025: Mukesh Ambani Tops, 6 Indians in the Ranks
According to New York, United States of America (USA) based Bloomberg Limited Partnership (LP’s) ‘Asia’s Richest Families 2025’ Index, the Ambani family of Reliance Industries (India) has secured the top position as Asia’s richest family, with a net worth of USD 90.5 billion.
- The Chearavanont family (Thailand) ranks 2nd with a net worth of USD 42.6 billion, followed by the Hartono family (Indonesia) in 3rd place with a net worth of USD 42.2 billion.
- Among the prominent 6 Indian families featured in the top 20 rankings list, the Mistry family holds the 4th position, followed by the Jindal family in 7th place, the Birla family ranks 9th, while the Bajaj family secures the 13th spot and Hinduja family ranks 18th position.
Indian Families 2025:
i.The Mistry family of Shapoorji Pallonji Group holds the 4th position with a net worth of USD 37.5 billion (approximately Rs.3.25 lakh crore).
ii.The Jindal family of OP Jindal Group follows at 7th place with USD 28.1 billion (approximately Rs.2.43 lakh crore).
iii.The Birla family of Aditya Birla Group occupies the 9th spot with a net worth of USD 23.0 billion (approximately Rs.1.99 lakh crore).
iv.The Bajaj Family of Bajaj Group is ranked thirteenth with a net worth of USD 20.1 billion (approximately Rs.1.74 lakh crore).
v.The Hinduja Family of Hinduja Group holds the eighteenth position with a net worth of USD 15.2 billion (approximately Rs.1.32 lakh crore).
About Bloomberg Limited Partnership (LP):
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Vlad Kliatchko
Headquarters – New York, United States of America (USA)
Established– 1981
>> Read Full News
APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS
Ilie Bolojan Takes Over as Romania’s Interim President
In a significant political development, Ilie Bolojan has been appointed as Romania’s interim President following the resignation of Klaus Iohannis on February 12, 2025, ahead of a planned impeachment vote led by far-right parties, which controlled 35% of the parliamentary seats.
- Klaus Iohannis, who served as Romania’s President since 2014, announced his resignation due to increasing political turmoil. His tenure was marked by both economic reforms and governance challenges.
- Senate speaker Ilie Bolojan will serve as interim president until May’s rerun election.
- Ilie Bolojan is a respected Romanian politician known for his efficient administration and governance reforms. He has previously served as the Mayor of Oradea.
About Romania
Capital: Bucharest
Currency: Romanian Leu (RON)
Official Language: Romanian
Jotham Napat became New Prime Minister of Vanuatu
In February 2025, Jotham Napat, 52, was elected as Vanuatu’s Prime Minister (PM), receiving 50 votes in Parliament. He becomes the country’s fifth PM in four years. Napat leads a five-party coalition government, which includes his own Leaders Party (which secured nine seats in the January snap election), along with the Vanua’aku Party, Graon Mo Jastis Party, Reunification Movement for Change, and Iauko Group.
About Jotham Napat:
- He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Tanna since 2016; re-elected in 2020, 2022, and 2025.
- He was also the President of the Leaders Party.
- He Headed the National Disaster Committee Post-Cyclone Pam (2015).
About Vanuatu :
Capital: Port Vila
Currency: Vanuatu vatu (VUV)
Languages: Bislama, English, French
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
SpaceX Launches 21 Starlink Satellites into Orbit aboard
On February 11 2025, SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket successfully launched a new batch of 21 Starlink satellites into Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, the United States of America (USA), marking another milestone in the expansion of its satellite internet constellation.
- This marks SpaceX’s 19th Falcon 9 mission of 2025, with 13 of those missions dedicated to deploying Starlink payloads.
Note: With this launch, there are 6,994 Starlink satellites in orbit, with 6,957 of them fully operational.
About Direct-to-cell:
The launch took place after SpaceX’s space-based internet service began offering direct-to-cell connectivity with T-Mobile Starlink.
i.Direct-to-cell is a satellite communication system that enables smartphones to connect directly to satellites in orbit, removing the need for traditional cell towers in remote or underserved areas.
ii.It features an eNodeB (evolved Node B) modem, which functions like a cell tower in space, enabling communication with existing Long Term Evolution (LTE) phones and Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
About Starlink:
i.Developed by Elon Musk’s SpaceX, Starlink is the world’s first and largest satellite constellation in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO), designed to provide affordable internet access to remote and underserved locations.
ii.The Starlink satellites orbit approximately 342 miles (550 kilometers, km) above Earth, with an expected lifespan of around five years.
iii.The current V2 Starlink satellites weigh approximately 1,760 lbs (800 kilograms, kg) at launch, nearly three times heavier than the previous generation satellites, which weighed around 573 lbs (260 kg).
About SpaceX:
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Elon Musk
Headquarters – California, the United States of America(the USA)
Founded – 2002
IMPORTANT DAYS
World Radio Day 2025 – February 13 
The United Nations (UN’s) World Radio Day (WRD) is observed annually on February 13 across the globe to honor radio’s enduring influence as a powerful and accessible medium for communication, education, and entertainment.
- 13 February 2025 marks the observance of the 14th WRD.
- The theme for WRD 2025 is “Radio and Climate Change”, highlighting radio’s vital role in disseminating information about climate change, amplifying environmental advocacy, and promoting sustainable practices.
Background:
i.In 2011, the Member States of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) adopted a resolution during its 36th General Conference, proclaiming February 13th as WRD to commemorate the establishment of UNs Radio.
ii.In 2012, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted the resolution A/RES/67/124 and endorsed UNESCO’s resolution, formalizing WRD.
- The first-ever WRD was observed on February 13, 2012.
National Women’s day 2025 – February 13
National Women’s Day is annually observed on 13th February across India to honor the birth anniversary of Sarojini Chattopadhyay Naidu also known as Sarojini Naidu and popularly named as the “Nightingale of India” or “Bharat Kokila”.
- 13 February 2025 marks the 146th birth anniversary of Sarojini Naidu.
About Sarojini Naidu:
i.Sarojini Naidu, born on February 13, 1879, in Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, British Raj (present-day Telangana), was a distinguished poet, freedom fighter, and political leader.
ii.In 1917, alongside Annie Besant and other notable figures, she co-founded the Women’s Indian Association (WIA) to advance women’s rights and welfare.
iii.A prominent figure in India’s freedom struggle, she played a crucial role in the Indian Nationalist Movement (INM) and was the first woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1925.
iv.She served as the President of the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in 1930, advocating for women’s education, political participation, and social reforms.
>> Read Full News
STATE NEWS
Kerala Finance Minister KN Balagopal presents State Budget for 2025-26 
Kalanjoor Narayana Panicker Balagopal, Minister for Finance, Government of Kerala, presented his 5th and last full budget of the Pinarayi Vijayan government’s second term in the Kerala Legislative Assembly.
- The budget includes strategic tax revisions, infrastructure development, social security measures, education, and technological advancements.
- The budget for 2025-26 showcases revenue receipts of Rs 1,52,352 crore and revenue expenditure of Rs 1,79,476 crore.
Points to Note:
i.The total revenue receipts are expected to rise by Rs 19,421.87 crore over the revised estimates for 2024-25, the State’s Own-Tax Revenue (SOTR) is expected to go up by Rs 9888 crore and the non-tax revenue, by Rs 1,240 crore.
ii.Social Security Pensions (SSPs), currently at Rs 1600 per month to around 60 lakh elderly beneficiaries, may see a minor hike.
- The largest SSP in India is in Kerala, spending over Rs 11,000 crore in a year to provide a pension of Rs 1600 per month.
iii.A major focus on disaster response, with a Rs 750 crore project for the 1st phase of rehabilitating victims of the 2024 Wayanad landslides, which reportedly caused over 200 deaths and significant economic damage.
iv.Rs 21 crores were allocated for Stroke Care Units (SCU) in Ernakulam, Thrissur, etc.
- By this, Kerala will become the 1st Indian State to achieve the status of having SCU facilities in all district-level hospitals.
About Kerala:
Chief Minister (CM)- Pinarayi Vijayan
Governor– Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
Wildlife Sanctuaries– Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary and Kurinjimala Sanctuary
>> Read Full News
WB Finance Minister Chandrima Bhattacharya Presents Rs 3.89 Lakh Crore Budget for FY26
On 12 February 2025, Finance Minister of West Bengal (WB), Chandrima Bhattacharya, presented a Rs 3.89 lakh crore (3,89,194 crore) budget for the financial year 2025-26 (FY 26) in the assembly.
- In the FY25 budget, the state saw an allocation of Rs 3.67 lakh crore, marking an 8% increase from the FY24.
- The outstanding debt for FY25 (revised) was Rs.7,06,531 crore, the amount in the FY26 budget has been pegged at Rs.7,71,670 crore. The revised fiscal deficit for the year FY25 was Rs.73,017 crore, while in this budget the amount has been estimated to be Rs.73,177 crore.
- While the revised grant-in-aid from the Government of India(GoI) for FY25 was Rs.28,431 crore, the grant-in-aid for the FY26 budget has been pegged at Rs.37,157 crore.
Key Highlights:
i.There is an announcement of a 4% increase in Dearness Allowance (DA) for state government employees and pensioners, bringing the total DA to 18% effective from 1 April 2025.
ii.Among the allocations, Rs 44,000 crore is earmarked for rural development and Panchayats.
iii.An allocation of Rs 1,500 crore has been made for upgrading rural roads under various development schemes.
iv.’Nadi Bandhan’ Initiative :The newly introduced ‘Nadi Bandhan’ project, aimed at preventing riverbank erosion in river-centric areas, has been allocated Rs 200 crore.
v.Banglar Bari’ Housing Project: Under the Banglar Bari’ Housing Project State plans to construct 16 lakh new houses in 2025-26, with a budget of Rs 9,600 crore.
About West Bengal (WB):
Chief Minister (CM)– Mamata Banerjee
Governor– C. V. Ananda Bose
Capital– Kolkata
National Park (NP)- Sundarban NP, Neora Valley NP
>> Read Full News
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