Current Affairs 12 November 2025

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NATIONAL AFFAIRS

Union Minister Amit Shah Inaugurates Co-Op Kumbh 2025, Launches Sahakar Digi Pay, Sahakar Digi Loan in New Delhi, DelhiOn November 10, 2025, Union Minister Amit Shah, Ministry of Cooperation, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), inaugurated “Co-op Kumbh 2025”, an International Conference on the Urban Cooperative Credit Sector, held from November 10 to 11, 2025, in New Delhi, Delhi.
About Co-Op Kumbh 2025:
Organizer: The Co-Op Kumbh 2025, organized by the National Federation of Urban Cooperative Banks and Credit Societies (NAFCUB), under the Ministry of Cooperation.
Alignment: The event, held under the theme titled “Digitalising Dreams-Empowering Communities” aligns with the International Year of Cooperatives 2025, declared by the United Nations (UN) and the Government of India (GOI)’s aim to strengthen the cooperative sector.
Highlights of the Co-Op Kumbh 2025:
Adoption of Delhi Declaration: The conference adopted the “Delhi Declaration 2025”, a roadmap to 2030, outlining a five-year plan to modernize and digitalize UCBs and credit societies.
Sahakar Digi Pay: It is a new digital payment system for cooperative banks that enables real-time transactions, including Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and card-based systems, for customers of UCBs.
Sahakar Digi Loan: It is an online lending solution that enables UCBs to process, sanction, and monitor loans digitally, facilitating faster loan approvals, efficient credit analysis, and streamlined document management, helping UCBs compete effectively with commercial banks and fintech firms.
Developers: Sahakar Digi Pay and Sahakar Digi Loan applications have been developed by the NAFCUB in collaboration with the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) and Ministry of Cooperation.
About National Federation of Urban Cooperative Banks and Credit Societies (NAFCUB):
President – Laxmi Dass
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Establishment – 1977
>>Read Full News

IN-SPACe Signs Contribution Agreement with SVCL to Boost India’s Space Startup EcosystemOn November 10, 2025, the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe), under Department of Space (DoS), signed a contribution agreement with Small Industries Development Bank of India Venture Capital Limited (SVCL), a wholly owned subsidiary of Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

• The agreement aims to launch IN-SPACe-SIDBI Space Venture Fund, a Rs.1000-crore Venture Capital (VC) fund for India’s spacetech startups and enterprises.
• The agreement was signed by Lochan Sehra, Joint Secretary, IN-SPACe, and Arup Kumar, Managing Director (MD) & Chief Executive Officer (CEO), SVCL.

About IN-SPACe-SIDBI Space Venture Fund:
Approval: The fund was approved by the Union Cabinet headed by Prime Minister(PM) Narendra Modi in October 2024 and SVCL was appointed as the Fund Manager.
Fund Deployment: IN-SPACe-SIDBI Space Venture Fund, India’s first government-backed VC fund, will be deployed over five years from 2025 to 2030, with an investment ranging between Rs.10 crores and Rs.60 crores per company, with an aim to support about 40 startups across different stages of growth.
Funding Schedule: The annual disbursement is expected to start with Rs.150 crores in Financial Year 2025-26 (FY26) and rise to Rs.250 crores in the following years, including FY27, FY28, FY29, and Rs.100 crores in FY30.
>>Read Full News

11th Edition of Indo-Sri Lanka “Exercise Mitra Sakthi” Begins in Belgavi, KarnatakaIn November 2025, the 11th edition of the India–Sri Lanka Joint Military Exercise ‘Mitra Shakti’ commenced at the Foreign Training Node, Belagavi, Karnataka, and will continue till 23rd November 2025.

• The exercise aims to strengthen bilateral military cooperation, enhance interoperability, and improve joint capability in counter-terrorism operations under the United Nations (UN) mandate.

Background:
Launch: Launched in 2013, Exercise Mitra Shakti(“Power of Friendship”) is an annual joint military exercise conducted alternately between India and Sri Lanka.
Previous Edition: The 10th edition, held in 2024 at the Army Training School in Maduru Oya, Sri Lanka.
Aligns with:  It also aligns with India’s “Neighborhood First” and “Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)” initiatives.
About Mitra Shakti-2025:
Focus: The exercise focuses on joint rehearsals of sub-conventional operations in urban and semi-urban environments.
Participants:

• Indian Contingent: The Indian contingent consists of about 170 personnel, primarily drawn from the Rajput Regiment.
• Sri Lankan Contingent: The Sri Lankan contingent comprises approximately 135 personnel, mainly representing the Gajaba Regiment.
• Air Force Participation: The exercise also includes 20 personnel from the IAF and 10 personnel from the Sri Lankan Air Force(SLAF).

Training Activities: The exercise will feature tactical drills such as raids, search and destroy missions, and heliborne operations . It will also include use of drones and counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems(UAS) techniques, helipad security and casualty evacuation drills, along with Army Martial Arts Routine (AMAR), combat reflex shooting, and yoga sessions.
Focus Areas and Technological Integration:
Usage of Drones and C-UAS: This edition of Mitra Shakti involves the use of Drones and Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (C-UAS) to reflect modern battlefield dynamics.
Practice Sessions: Both armies will jointly practice helipad security, medical evacuation, and real-time coordination for UN peacekeeping missions.
Enable Mutual Learning: The exercise enables both sides to exchange best practices in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism, fostering mutual learning and operational synergy between the two defence forces.
About Indian Air Force (IAF):
Chief of Air Staff(CoAS)- Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh
Headquarters– New Delhi, Delhi
Established- 1932

India Hosts First Biennial BIMReN Conference in Kochi, Kerala
In November 2025, India hosted the inaugural biennial conference of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)-India Marine Research Network (BIMReN) in Kochi, Kerala, from November 4-6, 2025, highlighting its commitment to advancing Blue Economy collaboration across the Bay of Bengal region.

About Biennial BIMReN Conference:
Event: The conference facilitated discussions on the outcomes of BIMReN’s activities since its launch.
Pilot phase: Connected 25 institutions and over 50 researchers from BIMSTEC countries, fostering collaborative studies in marine sciences, ocean health, and sustainable fisheries.
Alignment: It aligns with India’s regional policy objectives under Neighbourhood First, Act East, Indo-Pacific, and the (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) MAHASAGAR strategy, fostering scientific networks and engaging youth for sustainable marine research.
BIMReN: The BIMReN initiative was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the Colombo BIMSTEC Summit in 2022 and officially launched in 2024 by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).
It promotes data sharing, capacity building, and maritime governance, reinforces India’s regional marine diplomacy, strengthens Bay of Bengal Blue Economy cooperation.

Indian Army Conducts ‘Exercise Brahmashira’ in Gujarat 
On 10 November 2025, the Indian Army(IA) conducted’ Exercise Brahmashira’ in the Rann and Creek Sector of Kachchh, Gujarat, as part of the larger Tri-Services Exercise Trishul to validate integrated operational capabilities across land, sea, and air.

About Exercise Brahmashira: 
Participants: The exercise brought together the IA, Indian Navy (IN), Indian Air Force (IAF), Indian Coast Guard (ICG), and Border Security Force (BSF).
Integration: Combines Joint Task Forces (JTF), advanced Joint Control Centre (JCC), and robust operational infrastructure to sustain multi-domain operations.
Focus: The exercise tests new structures, advanced technologies, and adaptive warfighting strategies, emphasizing precision, coordination, and rapid multi-domain responses across land, sea, and air.
Alignment: It aligns with the Army’s “Decade of Transformation” initiative by testing new force structures, advanced technologies, and the “Whole-of-Nation” approach to defence.

AVPL International, CSC e-Governance Services Signs MoU to Help Rural Enterprises
In November 2025, AVPL International (AITMC Ventures Limited) a global leader in skill development and drone technology, and CSC e-Governance Services India Limited (CSC Special Purpose Vehicle, SPV), set up by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) to monitor the implementation of the Common Services Centers (CSCs) scheme across India, have signed a Memorandum (MoU) to merge drone technology into rural enterprises and empower rural entrepreneurs across India.

Key Details of MoU:
Objectives: The initiative aims to create jobs and new income opportunities for rural entrepreneurs by introducing Drone-as-a-Service (DAAS) and precision agriculture techniques like spraying, crop monitoring, and yield optimization.
Drone Access: As per the MoU, AVPL International will offer its ‘Viraj Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS)’ agri drones, spare parts, and training programs through CSC’s network which connects more than 5 lakh Village Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs).
Training: The initiative offers drone operation and maintenance training along with data-driven agricultural practices for rural entrepreneurs.
Significance: This strategic partnership will enable the sale and distribution of AVPL’s drone solutions through CSC digital platform, which will allow the rural entrepreneurs to access, operate, and earn from drone-based services.

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Time Out’s City Life Index 2025 : Mumbai ranked as Asia’s happiest city; Abu Dhabi as world’s happiest cityIn November 2025, the Time Out, the United Kingdom(UK-based media and lifestyle organization has recently published the City Life Index 2025, which ranks the happiest cities across Asia. According to the 2025 Index, Mumbai(India) topped Asia’s happiness chart, with 94% of residents saying the city makes them happy.

• Beijing and Shanghai in China ranked second and third, with 93% and 92% of residents reporting being happy.

About City Life Index 2025:
Survey: Around 18,000 people participated in the survey to rate their hometowns across several key aspects, from culture, nightlife and food to affordability and overall quality of life.
Chiang Mai and Hanoi: Chiang Mai in Thailand and Hanoi in Vietnam rank in the top 4 and 5, each with 88% of residents saying their city makes them happy. Both cities are praised for their green spaces, slow pace of life and close-knit community, perfect for those who want peace and connection.
Lower Rank: Seoul (South Korea), Singapore, and Tokyo (Japan) ranked lower on the happiness list.
Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) ranked the world’s happiest city in 2025, with:
Other Ranks: The 2nd place was occupied by Medellin in Colombia, followed by Cape Town in South Africa (SA).
>>Read Full News

15th India-Vietnam Defence Policy Dialogue Held in Hanoi, Vietnam; MoU SignedIn November 2025, the 15th edition of India-Vietnam Defence Policy Dialogue (DPD) was hosted by Vietnam in its capital city Hanoi.

• The dialogue was co-chaired by Rajesh Kumar Singh, Secretary, Ministry of Defence (MoD), India, and Senior Lieutenant General Hoang Xuan Chien, Deputy Minister of National Defence, Vietnam.

About 15th DPD:
Overview: The DPD 2025 acts as a primary mechanism to review and guide the India-Vietnam Strategic Defence Partnership and take forward the initiatives outlined in the India-Vietnam Joint Vision Statement 2030.
Reviewed Areas of Cooperation: During the dialogue, both countries reviewed progress made in various areas of cooperation such as: hydrography cooperation, capacity building & training, United Nations (UN) Peacekeeping Operations, increased port calls and ship visits and cooperation in fields namely, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and shipyard upgradation, among others.
Explore New Areas of Cooperation: Also, both countries agreed to expand and further strengthen cooperation in critical emerging fields like: cyber security, real-time exchange of information, military medicine and exchange of experts, among others. They also discussed the regional security situation.
Key Outcomes:
Memorandum of Agreement (MoA): On the sidelines of DPD 2025, India and Vietnam signed a MoA for Mutual Submarine Search, Rescue Support and Cooperation.

• This newly signed MoA aims to establish a framework for supporting and cooperating in submarine search and rescue operations.

Letter of Intent (LoI): In addition to MoA, both countries also signed a LoI on bolstering defence industry cooperation.

• It aims to promote Transfer of Technology (ToT); prioritise advanced technology domains; joint cooperation in research; Joint Ventures (JVs); procurement of equipment and materials for defence production as well as exchange of experts, design, and production of equipment.

Next Edition: India is set to host the 16th edition of the India–Vietnam DPD in 2026.
About Vietnam:
President- Luong Cuong
Capital- Hanoi
Currency- Vietnamese Dong (VND)

UNESCO Adopts World’s First Global Ethical Framework for Neurotechnology
In November 2025, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) adopted the “Recommendation on the Ethics of Neurotechnology”, the world’s first global ethical framework for neurotechnology, during its 43rd General Conference held in Paris, France.

• The framework is set to take effect on 12 November 2025.

About UNESCO’s Global Ethical Framework for Neurotechnology:
Purpose: The framework sets safeguards to harness neurotechnology for societal benefit while protecting human rights.
Data Protection: The standards define “neural data” as a distinct category requiring protection.
Comprehensive Recommendations: Over 100 guidelines cover personal rights, medical applications, and speculative scenarios, including potential misuse like marketing to people during dreams.
Preventive Action: The neurotechnology sector is projected to exceed USD 30 billion by 2030. UNESCO aimed to eliminate the “Wild West” scenario, where mental privacy, manipulation, and inequality could be out of control.
Neurotechnology: It refers to devices or systems such as Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs), Neural implants and simulators, wearable headsets tracking attention, emotions, or sleep, Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven neurodata analysis tools, that record, monitor, or influence brain activity.

BANKING & FINANCE

NIPL Partnered with BENEFIT for Faster Remittances Between India and BahrainIn November 2025, NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL), the international subsidiary of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), has entered into strategic partnership with BENEFIT, a leading fintech and electronic financial transactions company in Bahrain, to foster real-time cross-border remittances between India and Bahrain.

• Under this collaboration, India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) will be connected with Bahrain’s Electronic Fund Transfer System (EFTS), specifically, Fawri+ service, enabling users in both countries to send and receive money instantly and securely.

Key Details:
Guided by: This strategic partnership is established under the guidance of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB), marking a major step in advancing cross-border payment connectivity between the two countries.
Significance: It will enable residents of both countries to experience faster, more efficient and cost-effective remittances, represents the shared vision to enhance digital financial inclusion and advance cross-border transaction frameworks.

• By connecting UPI and Fawri+ service, the initiative aims to set up a strategic remittance corridor between India and Bahrain.
• Also, it will enhance convenience for the large Indian community in Bahrain, which constitutes approximately 30% of India’s population.

Bilateral Trade: As of the official data of Government of India (GoI), the bilateral trade between India and Bahrain stood at USD 1.64 billion in 2024-25, while bilateral investment stand at slightly above USD 2 billion.
NBBL & Clearcorp Introduced Forex Services on Bharat Connect:
Overview: In November 2025, NPCI Bharat BillPay Limited (NBBL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of NPCI in partnership with Clearcorp Dealing Systems (India) Limited (Clearcorp), 100% subsidiary of the Clearing Corporation of India Limited (CCIL) has introduced Forex category on Bharat connect.
Integration: Retail customers can now access foreign currency services via banking or payment apps through the Bharat Connect (Bharat Bill Payment System,BBPS)–FX platform link.
About National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI):
Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – Dilip Asbe
Headquarters- Mumbai, Maharashtra
Established- 2008

Axis Max Life Insurance Partners with IFC to Expand Life Insurance Services to Underserved Communities
On November 10, 2025, Axis Max Life Insurance Limited, a Joint Venture (JV) between Max Financial Services Limited (MFSL) and Axis Bank Limited, partnered with International Finance Corporation (IFC), lending arm of the World Bank(WB), to promote inclusive life insurance services in India.

Key Details of Partnership:
Aim: The partnership aims to expand access to life insurance for underserved and low-income communities, with a special focus on women, promoting financial inclusion across India.
Investment: As part of the partnership, IFC has invested Rs.285 crores (approximately USD 33 million) in Axis Max Life Insurance, through long-dated subordinated debt instruments, which will help strengthen the insurer’s solvency ratio.

• This move marks IFC’s first-ever instrument in a licensed life insurance company in India.

Alignment: The initiative aligns with India’s vision of “Insurance for All by 2047,” aiming to bolster household safety nets and contribute to a more resilient future

ECONOMY & BUSINESS

EIL Signed MoU with NMDC Energy to Explore Onshore Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia
In November 2025, Engineers India Limited (EIL), a Navratna Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG), has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with NMDC Energy, a subsidiary of the United Arab Emirates(UAE)-based NMDC Group, aimed at bolstering cooperation in the execution of onshore projects in Saudi Arabia across key sectors including oil and gas processing, refineries, petrochemicals, pipelines, storage terminals and energy transition.

• The MoU was signed in the presence of Vartika Shukla, Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) of EIL and Ahmed Al Dhaheri, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of NMDC Energy, on the sidelines of Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference(ADIPEC) 2025, world’s largest oil and gas event, held in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Key Details of MoU:
Aim: To integrate EIL’s extensive engineering expertise with NMDC Energy’s robust execution capabilities with focus on innovation, sustainability and operational excellence.
Project Execution: The collaboration aims to execute onshore Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) projects across various oil and gas sectors in Saudi Arabia, leveraging NMDC’s fabrication facilities in Ras Al Khair, UAE and EIL’s design center in Al Khobar, UAE.

AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

Hungarian-British Author David Szalay Wins 2025 Booker Prize for Novel ‘Flesh’On 10 November 2025, Hungarian-British author David Szalay won the 2025 Booker Prize for Fiction for his sixth novel “Flesh” at a ceremony held at Old Billingsgate, London, the United Kingdom (UK). He became the first author of Hungarian origin to receive the Booker Prize.

• He received the Booker Prize trophy from Samantha Harvey, the 2024 winner for her novel “Orbital.”

About 2025 Booker Prize:
Prize Money: David Szalay received a cash prize of British Pound Sterling (GBP) 50,000 (USD 66,000) along with a trophy.
Judging Panel: The judging panel was chaired by Roddy Doyle, the 1993 Booker Prize winner, and included Ayobámi Adébáyo, Sarah Jessica Parker, Chris Power, and Kiley Reid.
2025 Booker Prize Shortlist:

• ‘Flesh’ by David Szalay (Hungarian-British Novelist) – Winner
• ‘The Land in Winter’ by Andrew Miller (British Novelist)
• ‘The Loneliness of Sonia and Sunny’ by Kiran Desai (Indian Novelist)
• ‘Flashlight’ by Susan Choi (American Novelist)
• ‘Audition’ by Katie Kitamura (American Novelist)
• ‘The Rest of Our Lives’ by Ben Markovits (British-American Novelist)

Novel “Flesh”: It is David Szalay’s sixth novel published in 2025 by Scribner, follows István, a reserved Hungarian man whose life evolves from humble beginnings in Hungarian housing estates to working among London’s elite.

• It was published by Jonathan Cape (Penguin Books Imprint), UK.

About David Szalay:
Background: He is a Hungarian-British author acclaimed for his insightful explorations of contemporary masculinity and social dynamics.
Works: His notable books include London and the South-East, The Innocent, Spring, and the short story collection Turbulence.
Achievements: Previously shortlisted for the 2016 Booker Prize for ‘All That Man Is’, he has also won the Betty Trask Award, Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize, and Gordon Burn Prize.

• He was named among Granta’s “Best of Young British Novelists” in 2013.

About Booker Prize:
Established: Founded in 1969, the Booker Prize is presented by the Booker Prize Foundation.
Purpose: The Booker Prize annually honours the best original, full-length work of fiction written in English and published in the United Kingdom (UK).
First Winner: P. H. Newby received the inaugural Booker Prize in 1969 for his novel ‘Something to Answer For’.

APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

Catherine Martina Ann Connolly Sworn in as 10th President of IrelandOn 11th November 2025, Independent politician Catherine Martina Ann Connolly was sworn in as the 10th President of Ireland in a formal inauguration ceremony held at St. Patrick’s Hall, Dublin Castle, Ireland, where Chief Justice (CJ) of Ireland Donal O’Donnell administered the presidential oath.

• She succeeded Michael D. Higgins, who completed his 14-year term as President on 10th November 2025.

About Presidential Win:
Presidency: Elected President of Ireland in October 2025 with a landslide victory, securing approximately 63% of first-preference votes
Opponent: Defeated Fine Gael candidate Heather Humphreys
About Catherine Martina Ann Connolly:
Profession: Catherine Connolly, born on 12 July 1957, is an Irish politician, former barrister, and clinical psychologist, who has served as an Independent Teachta Dála (TD) for the Galway West constituency since 2016.
Significance: Third woman to become President of Ireland, following Mary Robinson and Mary McAleese
Previous Role: Served as Leas-Cheann Comhairle (Deputy Speaker) of the Dáil from July 2020 to November 2024, the first woman to hold this position.
About Ireland:
Taoiseach (Prime Minister, PM)– Micheál Martin
Capital – Dublin
Currency – Euro (EUR)

OBITUARY

Eminent Telugu Poet & Lyricist Ande Sri Laxminarayana Passed Away
In November 2025, Eminent Telugu Poet and Lyricist Ande Sri Laxminarayana passed away at the age of 64 in Hyderabad, Telangana.  He was born on June 18, 1961, at Rebarthi village in Warangal district (presently Jangaon district), Telangana.

• His song “Jaya Jayahe Telangana”(1997), composed by M.M. Keeravani, was adopted as the official Telangana State Anthem in 2024.

About Ande Sri Laxminarayana:
Career: In 1980s, he began writing folk poetry and songs in Telugu, reflecting social inequality, farmers’ struggles, and Telangana’s regional identity, and gained recognition as people’s poet (Praja Kavi) in the 1990s.

• In the 2000s he became widely known for his powerful lyrics that echoed Telangana’s cultural pride and the demand for a separate state.

Awards and Recognitions: His song “Maayamaipothunnadamma Manishanavadu” written for the film Erra Samudram, was included in Telugu second-year graduation textbooks by the Andhra Pradesh(AP) University’s syllabus committee in 2009.

• In June 2025, Government of Telangana honoured him with a cash prize of Rs.1 crores during the state formation celebrations.

IMPORTANT DAYS

World Science Day for Peace and Development 2025 – November 10The United Nations (UN)’s World Science Day for Peace and Development is observed annually across the globe on 10th November to highlight the role of science in society and encourages public engagement with emerging scientific issues.

• 10 November 2025 marks the 24th World Science Day for Peace and Development.
• The 2025 observance took place under the International Decade of Sciences for Sustainable Development (2024–2033).
• 2025 Theme:  “Trust, Transformation, and Tomorrow: The Science We Need for 2050”.

Background: 
Declaration: In 2001, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared 10 November of each year as World Science Day for Peace and Development.
First Celebration: The first World Science Day for Peace and Development was observed on 10 November 2002.
Proclamation: In August 2023, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) proclaimed the period 2024-2033 as the International Decade of Sciences for Sustainable Development.
International Week of Science and Peace(IWOSP) 2025:The IWOSP is observed every year from November 9 to 15 to highlight the role of science in promoting peace and sustainable development.
>>Read Full News

World Immunization Day 2025 – November 10World Immunization Day is annually observed across the globe on 10th November to raise awareness about the life-saving importance of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases and protecting people of all ages.

• The day emphasizes the role of immunization in reducing global mortality and achieving universal vaccine access under the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030).

Background:
Origin: World Immunization Day was established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012.
Purpose: The day aims to commemorate the success of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), launched by WHO on November 10, 1974
First Observance: The inaugural World Immunization Day was observed on 10th November 2012.
World Immunization Week:  World Immunization Week 2025 was observed in the last week of April 2025 (24–30 April) under the theme “Immunization for All is Humanly Possible.”
Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030):
Global Strategy: The Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030) is a global strategy launched by the WHO for the decade 2021-2030.
Vision: To leave no one behind and realize the full benefits of vaccines for everyone, everywhere.
Goal: To achieve a world where everyone, everywhere, at every age fully benefits from vaccines for good health and well-being.
About World Health Organisation (WHO):
Director General (DG) – Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Established – 1948

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