Current Affairs 30 October 2025

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NATIONAL AFFAIRS

National Blockchain Framework: Strengthening Governance through Blockchain TechnologyThe Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (Meity) formally launched the National Blockchain Framework (NBF) on 4th September 2024 with a sanctioned budget outlay of Rs. 64.76 crore (cr).

• The framework would provide a unified architecture for deploying blockchain solutions across various sectors.

Key Highlights
Issues in existing system: India’s current governance framework is primarily dependent on centralized data systems, which often encounter issues related to data manipulation, inefficiency, and limited transparency.

• Blockchain technology addresses these challenges through its tamper-resistant, distributed ledger system, where records are securely maintained across multiple nodes.

Purpose of NBF: NBF is designed to accelerate the development and deployment of permissioned blockchain-based applications, marking a strategic step towards building a secure, transparent, and scalable digital infrastructure for India.
Key Components
Vishvasya Blockchain Stack: It is designed to provide the technical foundation for building and deploying blockchain-based applications for governance.
NBFLite: It allows startups, research institutions, and students to prototype blockchain-based applications in a controlled environment without requiring full-scale deployment.
>>Read Full News

NITI Aayog Released Two Inaugural Reports on India’s Services Sector in New DelhiIn October 2025, B.V.R. Subrahmanyam, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) released two reports under the Services Thematic Series, during an event held in New Delhi, Delhi.
About the Reports:
1st Report: The 1st report titled ‘India’s Services Sector: Insights from GVA Trends and State-Level Dynamics’, provides a comprehensive analysis of the contribution of various sub-categories of services in the economy at national and state level.

• The report showed that the services sector contributed nearly 55% of national Gross Value Added (GVA) in 2024-25, up from 51% in 2013-14.

2nd Report: It is titled ‘India’s Services Sector: Insights from Employment trends and State-level Dynamics’, examines service sector employment to present a multidimensional profile of India’s services workforce across sub-sectors, gender, regions, education, and occupations.

• It suggested a four-part roadmap focused on worker formalisation, skill development, green economy investment, and balanced regional growth.
• Total Employment in 2023-24: The reports showed that the services sector employed approximately 188 million workers (nearly 30% of India’s national workforce), adding close to 40 million jobs over the last 6 years.

>>Read Full News

Cabinet Approves ToR for 8th Central Pay Commission; Report Due in 18 MonthsIn October 2025, the Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi approved the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC), a temporary body which will review the salaries of nearly 50 lakh central government employees, including defence services personnel and about 69 lakh pensioners.

• The commission has been directed to submit its recommendations within 18 months of its formation and may submit interim reports when specific recommendations are finalized.
• The recommendations of 8th CPC are expected to be effective from January 01, 2026.

About 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC):
Approval : In January 2025, the Union Cabinet had approved the formation of 8th CPC to review and recommend revisions regarding the salaries and benefits of central government employees.
Composition: The 8th CPC will include 3 members including, chairperson, one part-time member and one member-secretary.

• The Union Cabinet has also approved the appointment of former Supreme Court (SC) Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai as the chairperson of the pay commission.
• Also, Professor Pulak Ghosh, who is currently working as Professor at Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Bangalore (Karnataka), has been named as the part-time member.
• And, Pankaj Jain, Secretary of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG), has been named as the member-secretary.

>>Read Full News

Cabinet Approves Rs 37,952.29 Crore NBS for Rabi 2025-26 on P&K FertilisersIn October 2025, the Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi, approved the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for the Rabi season 2025-26 on Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilisers with a total tentative budgetary requirement of Rs 37,952.29 crore, reflecting an increase of Rs.736 crore over the Kharif 2024-25 season.

• The approved NBS rates will be effective from 1st October 2025 to 31st March 2026.

About Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) Rates for Rabi 2025–26:
Objective: To ensure the smooth availability of key fertilisers at affordable and reasonable prices for farmers.
Fertilisers Covered: The subsidy for Rabi 2025–26 covers 28 grades of P&K fertilisers, including Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) and various Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash, Sulphur(NPKS) grades.
Subsidy Rates: Under the approved NBS rates for Rabi 2025–26, the per kilogram (kg) subsidy for nutrients has been fixed as Rs.43.02 per kg for Nitrogen (N), Rs. 47.96 per kg for Phosphorus (P), Rs. 2.38 per kg for Potash (K), and Rs. 2.87 per kg for Sulphur (S), applicable to all eligible P&K fertilisers during the season.
Implementation: Under the approved NBS rates, the subsidy is provided directly to fertiliser manufacturers and importers to ensure stable and affordable Maximum Retail Prices (MRPs) for farmers.
Subsidy Determination: NBS rates are set per kg of each nutrient in P&K fertilisers and revised periodically based on global prices, inventory, and exchange rates.
About Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme: 
Inception: NBS Scheme is a Central Sector (CS) initiative implemented since 1st April 2010 under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers (MoCF).
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers (MoCF)
Objective: It aims to ensure affordability, availability of P&K fertilisers, and to promote the balanced use of nutrients for sustainable agricultural growth.
Cropping Season: India’s agriculture follows three cropping seasons, Rabi (October–March) for crops like wheat and mustard, Kharif (June–October) for rice and maize, and Zaid (March–June) for short-duration crops such as watermelon and cucumber grown mainly with irrigation.
About Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers (MoCF):
Union Minister – Jagat Prakash Nadda(Rajya Sabha -Gujarat)
Minister of State(MoS) -Anupriya Patel(Constituency-Mirzapur, Uttar Prdesh, UP)

Indian Army Signed Contract to Procure Indigenously Developed SDRsIn October 2025, the Indian Army (IA) signed a contract for the procurement of its first indigenously designed and manufactured Software Defined Radios (SDRs), developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

• These SDRs will be produced by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), a Defence Public Sector Undertaking (DPSU) under the Ministry of Defence (MoD).

About the Software Defined Radios (SDR) Procurement:
DRDO Unveils IRSA Standard 1.0: DRDO, in collaboration with the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) and the Tri-Services, launched the Indian Radio Software Architecture (IRSA) Standard 1.0 at DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi to standardize military communication systems earlier this month.
Capabilities: SDRs compliant with IRSA v1.0 support high-speed data transmission and Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) features for real-time, secure communication.
Enhanced Readiness: They also enable software-based waveform updates, making systems future-ready and adaptable to new operational needs.
Boost to Self-Reliance: This initiative reinforces India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) programme by promoting the development and adoption of indigenously designed defence technology.
About Indian Army (IA):
Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) – General Upendra Dwivedi
Headquarters – New Delhi, Delhi
Established – 1895
Motto – Seva Paramo Dharma (Service Before Self)

Gov Sets Up Panel under Neeraj Kumar Gupta to Review Export Rebate Rates Under RoDTEP & RoSCTL SchemesIn October 2025, Government of India (GoI) constituted a committee chaired by former secretary Neeraj Kumar Gupta, Ministry of Finance (MoF) to review and rationalize the ceiling rates under two schemes such as Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) and Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies (RoSCTL) based on data from Financial Year 2024-25 (FY25).
About the committee:
Members:It also includes SR Baruah, former Principal Chief Commissioner of Customs and Central Excise and Vivek Ranjan, former Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) member as members to review the notified rebate rates under two key export schemes RoDTEP and RoSCTL.
Timeline: The committee is to submit its main report by 31 March 2026.
Reason for Review:The existing RoDTEP and RoSCTL rates, based on 2020–22 data, will be revised by the GoI to align with rising input, logistics, and compliance costs, tax changes, and global market shifts.
Functions: The panel will collect and review data on all non-refundable taxes and duties affecting exports, engage with industry bodies, export promotion councils, and community boards, and recommend revised rates for each product or sector under RoDTEP and RoSCTL.
>>Read Full News

India Post Special Cover Unveiled Commemorating Coal India’s Golden Jubilee and SECL’s Ruby JubileeIn October 2025, South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), a subsidiary of Coal India Limited (CIL), in collaboration with the Department of Posts (DoP), Chhattisgarh Postal Circle (India Post), under Ministry of Communication (MoC), released a special India Post “Special Cover” commemorating Coal India’s Golden Jubilee (50 years) and SECL’s Ruby Jubilee (40 years) in Raipur, Chhattisgarh.

• A Special Cancellation Cachet was also unveiled on the occasion.
• The event was graced by P. Mallikarjuna. Prasad, Chairman of CIL, and Harish Duhan, Chairman-cum-Managing Director of SECL, accompanied by senior officials.

Commemorative Highlights:
Philatelic Release: The India Post Special Cover, featuring a unique Special Cancellation Cachet, is a collectible philatelic issue that commemorates key milestones in India’s industrial and institutional journey, enhancing its historical and philatelic significance.
Symbolic Representation: The cover reflects Coal India’s five decades of contribution to national energy security and SECL’s four decades of excellence in coal mining and sustainable operations.
CIL’s Golden Jubilee: Achieved the highest-ever coal production, dispatch, and overburden removal, contributing significantly to India’s record 1 billion tonnes of coal production in Financial Year 2024–25 (FY25).
Special Campaign 5.0: The initiative was undertaken under Special Campaign 5.0, GoI promoting cleanliness, record efficiency, and public sector excellence, with the Special Cover release highlighting the campaign’s aim to honour the legacy and achievements of key organizations.

WaveX collaborates with T-Hub to boost India’s AVGC-XR Startup ecosystem
In October 2025, WaveX, a startup accelerator under the WAVES (World Audio, Video Entertainment Summit) initiative by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB), signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Telangana based Technology Hub (T-Hub), India’s largest startup hub, to boost India’s creative, content, media-technology and AVGC-XR (Animation, Visual effects, Gaming, Comics and Extended Reality) startup ecosystem.

Key Details of MoU:
Signatories: The MoU was formally signed and exchanged by Ashutosh Mohle, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of WaveX, and Kavikrut, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of T-Hub.
Aim:  The WaveX–T-Hub partnership aims to build a nationwide ecosystem for creative entrepreneurship, helping young creators evolve from individual innovators into organized business ventures with global reach.
Support: The collaboration will benefit Indian startups by offering structured incubation, expert mentorship, and access to advanced infrastructure and industry networks.
Incubation Centers: Under the MoU, they will set up 10 incubation centers across India that will serve as hubs of innovation for startups and creators in the AVGC XR space.

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Overview of 47th ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaIn October 2025, the 47th Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit was held, under Malaysia’s chairmanship of ASEAN, at Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre (KLCC)in KL, Malaysia, from October 26-28 2025.

• The theme of the summit was “Inclusivity and Sustainability”, emphasizing broader participation and a commitment to long-term growth and stability.

About 47th ASEAN Summit:
Overview: Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim, Prime Minister(PM) of Malaysia, chaired the 47th ASEAN Summit, which comprised Plenary and Retreat Sessions. Participating Nations: The 47th ASEAN Summit was attended by ten ASEAN member states : Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam,  with Timor-Leste formally joining as the 11th member during the summit.
20th East Asia Summit (EAS):
On October 27, 2025, the 20th EAS, chaired by Prime Minister (PM) of Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim, held in KL, Malaysia, coinciding with the 20th anniversary of EAS.

• Union Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar, MEA, represented India during the EAS on behalf of PM Narendra Modi.

22nd ASEAN–India Summit:
PM Narendra Modi’s Participation: On October 26, 2025, the 22nd ASEAN–India Summit was held virtually alongside the 47th ASEAN Summit, with PM Narendra Modi participated virtually.

• During the summit, PM Narendra Modi announced 2026 as the ASEAN–India Year of Maritime Cooperation, highlighting India’s commitment to strengthen ties in maritime security, connectivity, trade, blue economy, and marine environmental protection.

>>Read Full News

Elon Musk Launches AI-Powered Encyclopaedia ‘Grokipedia’ 
In October 2025, Elon Musk’s Artificial Intelligence (AI)-company xAI launched Grokipedia (v 0.1), an open-source online encyclopedia, aiming to provide truthful, independent, and AI-driven information to users.

• The Platform initially offered over 8 lakhs articles.

About Grokipedia:
Purpose: To build an AI-powered knowledge platform that aims to share information openly and reduce bias found in traditional encyclopedias.
Technology: The platform is connected to xAI’s Grok chatbot, which uses AI to create, check, and update information.
Comparison with Wikipedia: Unlike Wikipedia’s crowdsourced-edited model, Grokipedia relies on AI to create and verify content, allowing users to suggest corrections through a reporting system instead of direct edits.

BANKING & FINANCE

PayPal partners with OpenAI to create In -Chat-Payments in ChatGPT
On October 28,2025, PayPal and OpenAI partnered to enable Digital Wallet in ChatGPT, enabling users to purchase goods and services directly through the Artificial Intelligence(AI) Chatbot.

• With this collaboration, PayPal became the first digital wallet to be integrated into the AI chatbot.

Key Details of Partnership:
Instant Checkout: PayPal will integrate with OpenAI’s Instant Checkout feature, allowing ChatGPT users to make purchases directly using PayPal wallets under the Agentic Commerce Protocol (ACP).
Open-Source Agent: Under the arrangement PayPal will adopt the open-source Agentic Commerce Protocol so merchants using PayPal can be discoverable inside ChatGPT.
Payment Processing: PayPal will handle routing, validation, and processing, enabling users to pay via linked accounts or cards without additional merchant integrations.
Services Offered: ChatGPT payments will include PayPal’s buyer-seller protection, order tracking, and dispute resolution, along with a payments Application Programming Interface(API) and merchant tools for analytics and catalog management through its “agentic commerce” suite.

ECONOMY & BUSINESS

TASL and Safran Inaugurate Rs.425 Crore Aero Engine Components Facility at Adibatla, Telangana
On October 28, 2025, Sridhar Babu,Information Technology(IT) and Industries Minister of Telangana, virtually inaugurated the aero engine rotative components manufacturing facility established at the Tata Centre of Excellence(CoE) for Aero Engines in Adibatla(Telangana).

• The facility has been jointly set up by Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) and France-based Safran Aircraft Engines with a total investment of Rs.425 crore.

About the Collaboration:
Background: The inauguration marks a major milestone in the collaboration announced in January 2024, when TASL and Safran Aircraft Engines signed a long-term agreement to manufacture rotating parts for the Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion(LEAP) engine, developed by CFM International, a 50:50 joint venture (JV) between GE Aerospace and Safran Aircraft Engines.
Manufacturing: The new Adibatla facility will manufacture bearing housings and low-pressure turbine shafts, critical components used in LEAPengines that power Airbus and Boeing aircraft.
Goal: Telangana government has set an ambitious goal to make the state the ‘Aero-Engine Capital of India’ by 2030, supported by a comprehensive roadmap to attract both domestic and global aerospace investments.

AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

World Food Prize Honors Padma Shri awardee Chef Sanjeev Kapoor as ‘Top Agri-Food Pioneer’In October 2025, celebrated chef, author, and Padma Shri awardee Sanjeev Surendra Kapoor was honoured as one of the 2025 “Top Agri-Food Pioneers (TAP)” by the World Food Prize Foundation (WFPF) during the Norman E. Borlaug International Dialogue, held from October 21–23, 2025, at Des Moines in Lowa, the United States of America (USA).

• The honour recognises Sanjeev Kapoor’s impact in promoting healthy, sustainable eating and local, nutrient-rich foods while supporting Indian agriculture globally.

About TAP 2025 list: 
Launch: It was started in 2024, with an aim to highlight people across disciplines such as research, entrepreneurship, policy, extension, making a valued contribution to food systems transformation.
2025 List: The TAP 2025 list honour 39 changemakers from 27 countries for their outstanding contributions to transforming global agri-food systems.
Other Indian Recipients: Avijit Ghosh, Dr. Manzoor Hussain Dar, Dr. Boddupalli Maruthi Prasanna, and Aadith Moorthy were honoured for contributions to climate-resilient farming, seed innovation, agri-tech, and entrepreneurship.
>>Read Full News

Former England Fast Bowler James Anderson Awarded Knighthood for His Services to Cricket
In October 2025, former England fast bowler Sir James Michael Anderson has received the Knighthood Award, one of the greatest honours conferred by the British Monarchy or Commonwealth nations,  for his ‘services to cricket’.

• He received this award from Princess Anne during a ceremony held at Windsor Castle, located in Berkshire, west of Central London, United Kingdom (UK).

About Knighthood Award:
Honours List: Sir James Michael Anderson received this award as part of former Prime Minister (PM) of the UK Rishi Sunak’s resignation honours list, becoming the only sportsperson to feature in this year’s list.
Recognising a Legendary Career: The honour acknowledges Anderson’s remarkable two-decade-long international career and his exceptional contributions to the sport as the most successful fast bowler in Test history.
Significance: Following this award, he now joins the elite club of English cricket icons such as: Sir Ian Botham, Sir Geoffrey Boycott, Sir Alastair Cook and Sir Andrew Strauss.

APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

Dr. Patrick Herminie Sworn-in as 6th President of Republic of SeychellesIn October 2025, Dr. Patrick Herminie, leader of the United Seychelles (US) Party, was officially sworn-in as the 6th President of the Republic of Seychelles after winning the presidential election held on October 12, 2025. The swearing-in ceremony was held at Unity Stadium in Victoria, Seychelles.

• He succeeds incumbent President Wavel Ramkalawan of the Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS) Party.
• Chandrapuram Ponnusamy (C.P.) Radhakrishnan, Vice President (VP) of India, attended the swearing-in ceremony of the new President of Seychelles, during his two-day visit to the country.

Election Result:
Presidential Election: On October 12 2025, Dr. Patrick Herminie won the country’s Presidential election, defeating incumbent President Wavel Ramakalwan, leader of LDS party,  in a closely contested run-off.
Total Votes Secured: Dr. Patrick Herminie secured 52.7% of the valid votes against Ramkalawan who garnered 47.3% votes.

• His presidency marks the return of the US Party to power after its five-year break since losing the 2020 elections.

About Dr. Patrick Herminie:
Medical Career: He is a trained physician who held key roles in the Seychelles government, including Director General (DG) of Disease Prevention and Control (1996), DG of Primary Health Care (1998), and Secretary of State for Drug Abuse Prevention and Rehabilitation (2016–2020).
Political Career: He began his political career in 1992 as member of the commission which drafted the Constitution of the Third Republic.
Previous Roles: He represented the District of English River thrice at the National Assembly i.e. in 1993, 1998 and 2002.

• He became the leader of government business (majority leader) from 1998 to 2007.
• Later, he served as the Speaker of the National Assembly from 2007 to 2016.

Leadership Role: He first served as President of the US Party from 1998 to 2010 and was re-elected in 2021 to steer the party into the 2025 presidential election.
Awards: He was honoured with the Chevening Award by the United Kingdom (UK) government in 1993, in recognition of his exceptional contribution in the field of medicine.
About Republic of Seychelles:
Capital- Victoria
Currency- Seychelles Rupee (SCR)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Scientists Discovers Super-Earth ‘GJ 251c’ Located 20 Light-Years from Earth
In October 2025, an international team of scientists, including researchers from Penn State University (PSU), the United States of America(USA), identified an exoplanet named ‘GJ 251c’, a potential “super-Earth” located less than 20 light-years away from Earth.

• The discovery of the article was published in The Astronomical Journal, a leading peer-reviewed scientific journal.

About GJ 251c:
Super Earth: The planet is estimated to be about four times the mass of Earth and likely composed of rocky material, earning it the “super-Earth” classification.
Method Used: Astronomers detected the planet using the radial-velocity method, supported by high-precision spectrographs and data from the Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF) at PSU’s Hobby-Eberly Telescope(HET).
Significance: The discovery of GJ 251c offers a promising opportunity to study one of the nearest potentially habitable rocky exoplanets, providing insight into planetary formation and the search for extraterrestrial life.

SPORTS

Lando Norris wins Mexican Grand Prix 2025In October 2025, Lando Norris of the United Kingdom representing McLaren Racing Limited, won the Mexican Grand Prix (GP) 2025 held at the circuit Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City, Mexico. This victory marked Norris’ 10th Career win 6th win in this season.

• With this victory, he leads in the Drivers’ Championship standings to 357 points, ahead of his teammate Oscar Piastri (356 points) and Max Verstappen of Red Bull (321 points)

Race Highlights:
Lando Norris: Lando Norris (McLaren) converted pole into victory, leading every lap and finishing nearly 30 seconds ahead of Ferrari’s Charles Leclerc for a commanding win.

• With this win, Norris marked his first victory in Mexico.

Other Podium Finishers: Monaco Driver Charles Leclerc (Ferrari) secured second, and Netherlands Driver Max Verstappen (Red Bull), finished third, both summed up their total points for the Drivers’ Championship to 210 points and 321 points.
The top 3 positions of the F1 Mexican GP 2025:

Top 5 Drivers – Championship standing After Mexican GP 2025:

IMPORTANT DAYS

International Stuttering Awareness Day 2025-October 22
International Stuttering Awareness Day (ISAD) is observed every year on October 22 as a global health awareness event dedicated to increasing understanding of stuttering or stammering a speech disorder marked by disruptions in the fluency and flow of speech.

• The day aims to promote empathy, early intervention, and inclusion for individuals who stutter.

About the Day:
Theme: The theme of 2025 is “A Diverse Stuttering Community -Meeting Challenges with Strengths”,
Focus: The theme focuses on emphasizing the experiences of the stuttering community and how an individual can overcome it.
Established by: International Stuttering Awareness Day was established by the International Stuttering Association (ISA) as a proactive response to this problem. The ISA created a wish list in 1995 while attending a conference in Linkoping, Sweden, which supported the creation of such a day.
Background: In 1997, ISAD was first proposed by Michael Sugarman, the co-founder of the National Stuttering Project (NSP) during the closing ceremony of the International Fluency Association (IFA) in San Francisco, California, the United States of America (USA).
First Observed on: It was observed for the first time on 22 October 1998.
Symbol of Stuttering Awareness: Since 2009, the Sea-Green Ribbon has been recognized as the official symbol of International Stuttering Awareness Day (ISAD), representing support, awareness, and solidarity for people who stutter.
Symbolism of Colors:Blue – Signifies calmness and peaceful communication, essential for speech confidence. Green – Represents freedom and justice, reflecting efforts to overcome stigma and discrimination related to stuttering.

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